final Flashcards
six areas of neuroscience
neuroanatomy neurophysiology neurochemistry neuropathology neuropharmacology neuroendrocrinology
neuroanatomy
structure of the nervous system
neruophysiology
functions and activities of the nervous system
neurochemistry
chemical bases of neural activity
neuropathology
nervous system disorders
neuropharmacology
effects of drugs on neural activity
neuroendrociniology
interactions between nervous system and the endocrine system
Heritability
The genetically determined proportion of a trait’s variation among individuals in a population
sex linked gene
genes on the sex chromosome (x and y)
sex limited gene
both sexes have is but only physically show in one sex
epigenetics
the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
Homozygous
Having two identical alleles for a trait
heterozygous
Describes an organism with two different alleles for a trait.
dominate
a gene that shows a strong effect in the heterozygous or homozygous condition( Huntingtons Disease)
recessive
A gene that shows strong effect only in the homozygous condition (you need identical alleles)
function of Astrocytes
remove waste, provide nutrients to neurons, blood brain barrier
parts of a neuron
cell membrane, cell body, dendrites, axon hillock, axon, myelin, nodes of ranvier, synapses, terminals
gray matter
somas of neurons that cluster together
whats the BBB
barrier around the blood vessels in the brain
Oligodenfrocyte
are responsible for many different locations
Myelination of CNS axons
Schwann cell
only responsible for one part of a cell
the myelination of PNS
white matter
axons that tend to travel together in bundles
3 primary divisions of the brain
forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain
medulla
regulates breathing, heart rate, salivation, coughing, and sneezing
- control exerted through cranial nerves to face and parasympathetic input to organs
- damage can be fatal
- opiates suppress so much that can stop breathing
, pons,
A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain
cerebellum,
A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. Important for balance and coordination of well learned movements. Damage or alcohol use can produce ataxia.
midbrain,
A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.
thalamus,
A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.
Thal and Amus
hypothalamus,
A neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
-involved in homeostatic and drive-related activites
pituitary gland,
controls hormones and bodily functions
corpus callosum
connects both sides of the brain
hippocampus
A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.
find : medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, corpus callosum on a brain
look at a brain
limbic system
A portion of the cerebrum that is associated with emotion and memory; includes the amygdala and hippocampus.
basal ganglia
Large clusters of neurons, located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex, that work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements.
lobes of cortex
occipital, partial, temporal, frontal
frontal lobe
prefrontal and motor
locate cortex on brain
look at brain
ventricles
Communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Lateral, fourth & third ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, central canal
cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves
- enter/exit through ventral surface of the brainstem
- sensory and motor for head and face
- some have autonomic componen
meninges
Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater
where brocas
frontal lobe
wheres wernicke
temporal lobe
Bell-Magendie Law
Entering (afferent) dorsal roots carry sensory information while exiting (efferent) ventral roots carry motor information
whats sympathetic
- Axons activate organs for “fight or flight”
* Immediate energy exposure
whats parasymp
- Axons direct organs for “rest and digest”
* Facilitates vegetative, nonemergency functions
whats somatic
- Nerves that convey information from sense organs to CNS and from CNS to muscles. (motor and sensory)
- Voluntary and conscious. (controlled by cortex)
hows the peripheral NS divied
somatic and automatic
voltage-gated channel? Where are they?
Opens when the cell reaches a certain voltage allows ions in or out. It is located on the axon, mostly the nodes
steps of action potential
- Synaptic activity on the neuron à axon hillock depolarizes to -50 mV (threshold) à voltage-gated sodium channels open à sodium rushes into cell à cell becomes depolarized.
- Voltage gated potassium channels open & voltage-gated sodium channels close à potassium rushes out of cell à cell becomes hyperpolarized.
- Voltage-gated potassium channels close…that part of the membrane returns to resting potential.
• When the cell is at rest, which ions are most highly concentrated inside of the cell, and which ones are most highly concentrated outside of the cell?
K+ is greater inside. Na+, Cl- is greater outside.
sodium potassium pump
- Acts to maintain proper concentrations of Na+ and K+
- Needed for maintaining resting potential and for recovery from an action potential.
- 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in, so more positive on outside.
resting potential
-70mV
conduction of velocity
- Diameter of axon (wider= faster)
2. Degree of myelination (more= faster)
ligand gated channel
- At synapses, in membrane of postsynaptic cell
- Open when a ligand binds
- Allow ions thru
excitatory synapse
glutamate positive
inhibatory synapse
GABA negative
epsp
A kind of synaptic potential that makes a post synaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential
ipsp
A synaptic potential that makes a post synaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential
agonist
A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter
antagonist
A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter
metabrotropic
Metabotropic receptors do not have a “channel” that opens or closes. Instead, they are linked to another small chemical called a “G-protein.”
iontropic
Ionotropic receptors are transmembrane molecules that can “open” or “close” a channel that would allow smaller particles to travel in and out of the cell.
stimulates
- Amphetamine
- Methamphetamine
- Cocaine
- Ecstasy
opiates
- Heroin
- Methadone
- Morphine, codeine, & Fentanyl
- Derived from opioid poppy or chemically similar to its derivatives (Fentanyl and Methadone are synthetic)
- Binds to opioid receptors
- Pain control
- decrease stress response and memory
- decrease breathing and heart rate
alcohol
Glutamate receptor antagonist
GABA receptor agonist
metobolic tolerance
less drug is getting to the site of the action
functional tolerance
decreased reponizness at the site of the action
drugs to help withdraw
Antabuse – blocks metabolism of alcohol so you become sick if you drink
Naloxone – blocks opiate receptors so blocks pleasure
Acamprosate – glutamate receptor antagonist; anticonvulsant
Protects against withdrawal convulsions
gene involved in alcoholism
comt
2 types of stroke`s
Ischemic stroke- is the blockage of blood to the brain. Longer to develop, Brain is deprieved of blood and nutrients.
Hemorrhagic- is the bleeding in the brain. Causes cell death to the neurons.
what traumatic brain injury
is often referred to as “a silent epidemic” or “the unseen injury”
whats chronic traumatic encephalopathy
Progressive degenerative disorder
In athletes and others who receive repetitive brain trauma, including symptomatic and asymptomatic concussions
what protein is in CTE
tau
- For TBI and CTE who is at the highest risk? Could you identify symptoms of TBI?
Males 15-24
Substance abusers
Infants/Elderly
- What is a hematoma?
localized blood clots.
Subdural- between dura and brain
Epidural- between skull and dura
Contusion- closed head injury damaging the cerebral vasculature
general seizure.
a widespread seizure, both sides of the brain is activated, loss consciousness. Tonic-clonic (grand-mal), Absence(petit mal) KIDS
partial seizure
Definite focus seizure, happen in one part of the body/brain
What can cause seizures?
Scarring from injury/strokes Abnormal development Effects of tumor Drug or withdraw Infections of fever Genetics
whats plaques
Location of plaques: outside the cells, primarily on top
Formation of plaques: beta amyloid
whats tangles
Location of tangles: Inside the cell
Formation of tangles: abnormal form of intracellular protein Tau
benign tumors.
Benign: damage by compression but can be cut out and wont regrow
malignant tumors.
Malignant: damage by compression or infiltration. Infiltrating invades other regions and destroys cells in their path. Compression of the brain regions can damage cells and obstruct the flow.
2 types of thirst
Osmotic and Hypovolemic
Osmotic
a thirst resulting from eating salty foods
Hypovolemic
a thirst resulting from loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating
insulin
secreted from the pancreas in proportion to the size of the meal (amount of glucose in the blood)
glucagon
secreted from the pancreas when tissue needs energy (between meals)
3 phases of energy metabolism
- Cephalic phase: preparation for eating
- Absorptive phase: energy absorbed
- Fasting phase: withdrawing energy from reserves (Ends with next cephalic phase)
3 major problems with set point theories?
Contrary to evolutionary pressures that favored energy storage for survival.
Reductions in blood glucose or body fat do not reliably induce eating.
Shown in lab animals; that degree is rare naturally
Don’t account for the influence of external factors on eating and hunger.
whats transduction
transforming physical energy into electrical energy into our bodies
