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Brain and Behavior > final > Flashcards

final Flashcards

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1
Q

six areas of neuroscience

A 
neuroanatomy
neurophysiology
neurochemistry
neuropathology
neuropharmacology
neuroendrocrinology
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2
Q

neuroanatomy

A

structure of the nervous system

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3
Q

neruophysiology

A

functions and activities of the nervous system

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4
Q

neurochemistry

A

chemical bases of neural activity

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5
Q

neuropathology

A

nervous system disorders

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6
Q

neuropharmacology

A

effects of drugs on neural activity

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7
Q

neuroendrociniology

A

interactions between nervous system and the endocrine system

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8
Q

Heritability

A

The genetically determined proportion of a trait’s variation among individuals in a population

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9
Q

sex linked gene

A

genes on the sex chromosome (x and y)

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10
Q

sex limited gene

A

both sexes have is but only physically show in one sex

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11
Q

epigenetics

A

the study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change

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12
Q

Homozygous

A

Having two identical alleles for a trait

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13
Q

heterozygous

A

Describes an organism with two different alleles for a trait.

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14
Q

dominate

A

a gene that shows a strong effect in the heterozygous or homozygous condition( Huntingtons Disease)

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15
Q

recessive

A

A gene that shows strong effect only in the homozygous condition (you need identical alleles)

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16
Q

function of Astrocytes

A

remove waste, provide nutrients to neurons, blood brain barrier

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17
Q

parts of a neuron

A

cell membrane, cell body, dendrites, axon hillock, axon, myelin, nodes of ranvier, synapses, terminals

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18
Q

gray matter

A

somas of neurons that cluster together

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19
Q

whats the BBB

A

barrier around the blood vessels in the brain

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20
Q

Oligodenfrocyte

A

are responsible for many different locations

Myelination of CNS axons

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21
Q

Schwann cell

A

only responsible for one part of a cell

the myelination of PNS

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22
Q

white matter

A

axons that tend to travel together in bundles

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23
Q

3 primary divisions of the brain

A

forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain

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24
Q

medulla

A

regulates breathing, heart rate, salivation, coughing, and sneezing

  • control exerted through cranial nerves to face and parasympathetic input to organs
  • damage can be fatal
  • opiates suppress so much that can stop breathing
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25
Q

, pons,

A

A brain structure that relays information from the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

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26
Q

cerebellum,

A

A large structure of the hindbrain that controls fine motor skills. Important for balance and coordination of well learned movements. Damage or alcohol use can produce ataxia.

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27
Q

midbrain,

A

A small part of the brain above the pons that integrates sensory information and relays it upward.

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28
Q

thalamus,

A

A structure in the forebrain through which all sensory information (except smell) must pass to get to the cerebral cortex.
Thal and Amus

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29
Q

hypothalamus,

A

A neural structure lying below the thalamus; directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion
-involved in homeostatic and drive-related activites

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30
Q

pituitary gland,

A

controls hormones and bodily functions

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31
Q

corpus callosum

A

connects both sides of the brain

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32
Q

hippocampus

A

A neural center located in the limbic system that helps process explicit memories for storage.

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33
Q

find : medulla, pons, cerebellum, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, corpus callosum on a brain

A

look at a brain

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34
Q

limbic system

A

A portion of the cerebrum that is associated with emotion and memory; includes the amygdala and hippocampus.

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35
Q

basal ganglia

A

Large clusters of neurons, located above the thalamus and under the cerebral cortex, that work with the cerebellum and the cerebral cortex to control and coordinate voluntary movements.

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36
Q

lobes of cortex

A

occipital, partial, temporal, frontal

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37
Q

frontal lobe

A

prefrontal and motor

38
Q

locate cortex on brain

A

look at brain

39
Q

ventricles

A

Communicating network of cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
Lateral, fourth & third ventricles, cerebral aqueduct, central canal

40
Q

cranial nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves

  • enter/exit through ventral surface of the brainstem
  • sensory and motor for head and face
  • some have autonomic componen
41
Q

meninges

A

Dura Mater, Arachnoid Mater, Pia Mater

42
Q

where brocas

A

frontal lobe

43
Q

wheres wernicke

A

temporal lobe

44
Q

Bell-Magendie Law

A

Entering (afferent) dorsal roots carry sensory information while exiting (efferent) ventral roots carry motor information

45
Q

whats sympathetic

A
  • Axons activate organs for “fight or flight”

* Immediate energy exposure

46
Q

whats parasymp

A
  • Axons direct organs for “rest and digest”

* Facilitates vegetative, nonemergency functions

47
Q

whats somatic

A
  • Nerves that convey information from sense organs to CNS and from CNS to muscles. (motor and sensory)
  • Voluntary and conscious. (controlled by cortex)
48
Q

hows the peripheral NS divied

A

somatic and automatic

49
Q

voltage-gated channel? Where are they?

A

Opens when the cell reaches a certain voltage allows ions in or out. It is located on the axon, mostly the nodes

50
Q

steps of action potential

A
  • Synaptic activity on the neuron à axon hillock depolarizes to -50 mV (threshold) à voltage-gated sodium channels open à sodium rushes into cell à cell becomes depolarized.
  • Voltage gated potassium channels open & voltage-gated sodium channels close à potassium rushes out of cell à cell becomes hyperpolarized.
  • Voltage-gated potassium channels close…that part of the membrane returns to resting potential.
51
Q

• When the cell is at rest, which ions are most highly concentrated inside of the cell, and which ones are most highly concentrated outside of the cell?

A

K+ is greater inside. Na+, Cl- is greater outside.

52
Q

sodium potassium pump

A
  • Acts to maintain proper concentrations of Na+ and K+
  • Needed for maintaining resting potential and for recovery from an action potential.
  • 3 Na+ out for every 2 K+ in, so more positive on outside.
53
Q

resting potential

A

-70mV

54
Q

conduction of velocity

A
  1. Diameter of axon (wider= faster)

2. Degree of myelination (more= faster)

55
Q

ligand gated channel

A
  • At synapses, in membrane of postsynaptic cell
  • Open when a ligand binds
  • Allow ions thru
56
Q

excitatory synapse

A

glutamate positive

57
Q

inhibatory synapse

A

GABA negative

58
Q

epsp

A

A kind of synaptic potential that makes a post synaptic neuron more likely to generate an action potential

59
Q

ipsp

A

A synaptic potential that makes a post synaptic neuron less likely to generate an action potential

60
Q

agonist

A

A drug that mimics or increases the effects of a neurotransmitter

61
Q

antagonist

A

A drug that blocks the effects of a neurotransmitter

62
Q

metabrotropic

A

Metabotropic receptors do not have a “channel” that opens or closes. Instead, they are linked to another small chemical called a “G-protein.”

63
Q

iontropic

A

Ionotropic receptors are transmembrane molecules that can “open” or “close” a channel that would allow smaller particles to travel in and out of the cell.

64
Q

stimulates

A
  • Amphetamine
  • Methamphetamine
  • Cocaine
  • Ecstasy
65
Q

opiates

A
  • Heroin
  • Methadone
  • Morphine, codeine, & Fentanyl
  • Derived from opioid poppy or chemically similar to its derivatives (Fentanyl and Methadone are synthetic)
  • Binds to opioid receptors
  • Pain control
  • decrease stress response and memory
  • decrease breathing and heart rate
66
Q

alcohol

A

Glutamate receptor antagonist

GABA receptor agonist

67
Q

metobolic tolerance

A

less drug is getting to the site of the action

68
Q

functional tolerance

A

decreased reponizness at the site of the action

69
Q

drugs to help withdraw

A

Antabuse – blocks metabolism of alcohol so you become sick if you drink
Naloxone – blocks opiate receptors so blocks pleasure
Acamprosate – glutamate receptor antagonist; anticonvulsant
Protects against withdrawal convulsions

70
Q

gene involved in alcoholism

A

comt

71
Q

2 types of stroke`s

A

Ischemic stroke- is the blockage of blood to the brain. Longer to develop, Brain is deprieved of blood and nutrients.
Hemorrhagic- is the bleeding in the brain. Causes cell death to the neurons.

72
Q

what traumatic brain injury

A

is often referred to as “a silent epidemic” or “the unseen injury”

73
Q

whats chronic traumatic encephalopathy

A

Progressive degenerative disorder

In athletes and others who receive repetitive brain trauma, including symptomatic and asymptomatic concussions

74
Q

what protein is in CTE

A

tau

75
Q
  • For TBI and CTE who is at the highest risk? Could you identify symptoms of TBI?
A

Males 15-24
Substance abusers
Infants/Elderly

76
Q
  • What is a hematoma?
A

localized blood clots.
Subdural- between dura and brain
Epidural- between skull and dura
Contusion- closed head injury damaging the cerebral vasculature

77
Q

general seizure.

A

a widespread seizure, both sides of the brain is activated, loss consciousness. Tonic-clonic (grand-mal), Absence(petit mal) KIDS

78
Q

partial seizure

A

Definite focus seizure, happen in one part of the body/brain

79
Q

What can cause seizures?

A 
Scarring from injury/strokes
	Abnormal development
	Effects of tumor
	Drug or withdraw
	Infections of fever
	Genetics
80
Q

whats plaques

A

Location of plaques: outside the cells, primarily on top

Formation of plaques: beta amyloid

81
Q

whats tangles

A

Location of tangles: Inside the cell

Formation of tangles: abnormal form of intracellular protein Tau

82
Q

benign tumors.

A

Benign: damage by compression but can be cut out and wont regrow

83
Q

malignant tumors.

A

Malignant: damage by compression or infiltration. Infiltrating invades other regions and destroys cells in their path. Compression of the brain regions can damage cells and obstruct the flow.

84
Q

2 types of thirst

A

Osmotic and Hypovolemic

85
Q

Osmotic

A

a thirst resulting from eating salty foods

86
Q

Hypovolemic

A

a thirst resulting from loss of fluids due to bleeding or sweating

87
Q

insulin

A

secreted from the pancreas in proportion to the size of the meal (amount of glucose in the blood)

88
Q

glucagon

A

secreted from the pancreas when tissue needs energy (between meals)

89
Q

3 phases of energy metabolism

A
  1. Cephalic phase: preparation for eating
  2. Absorptive phase: energy absorbed
  3. Fasting phase: withdrawing energy from reserves (Ends with next cephalic phase)
90
Q

3 major problems with set point theories?

A

Contrary to evolutionary pressures that favored energy storage for survival.
Reductions in blood glucose or body fat do not reliably induce eating.
Shown in lab animals; that degree is rare naturally
Don’t account for the influence of external factors on eating and hunger.

91
Q

whats transduction

A

transforming physical energy into electrical energy into our bodies

Brain and Behavior (11 decks)

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