Brain Damage

Question 1

Whats the damage from benign tumors?

Answer 1

Benign: damage by compression but can be cut out and wont regrow

Question 2

Whats the damage from malignant tumor?

Answer 2

Damage by compression or infiltration. Infiltrating invades other regions and destroys cells in their path.
Compression of the brain regions can damage cells and obstruct the flow.

Question 3

What are metasteses?

Answer 3

tumor shed cells that travel through bloodstream and creates new tumors

Question 4

What types of cells in the brain don’t give rise to tumors?

Answer 4

Neurons

Question 5

Whats a ischemic stroke?

Answer 5

Is the blockage of blood to the brain. Longer to develop, Brain is deprieved of blood and nutrients.

Question 6

Whats a hemorrhagic stroke?

Answer 6

Hemorrhagic- is the bleeding in the brain. Causes cell death to the neurons.

Question 7

Whats a thrombus stroke?

Answer 7

Blocks in the same location of stroke.

Question 8

Whats an embolus stroke?

Answer 8

Forms then get broken apart and travel til it just stuck

Question 9

What is the penumbra?

Answer 9

The area directly surrounding the stroke.

Question 10

Understand the series of events leading to cell death in stroke.

Answer 10

1) blockage
2) Neurons that are effected by blockage release excessive glutamate
3) Excessive glutamate triggers excessive Ca+ and Na- into the postsynapses
4) Excessive Ca+ and Na- kills postsynapse neurons by releasing excess glutamate spreading the toxic

Question 11

How are concussions classified (graded)

Answer 11

Grade 1) symptoms last less than 15 mins, no loss of consciousness
Grade 2) symptoms last greater than 15 mins, no loss of consciousness
Grade 3) loss of consciousness, for a few seconds

Question 12

What sorts of physical damage can occur to the brain in a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

Answer 12

TBI are unseen injury, (the silent epidemic)

Question 13

Understand coup-countercoup.

Answer 13

When you quickly move your head back and forth the neurons in the center stretch die

Question 14

What are the secondary factors of TBI

Answer 14

Reduction in the cerebral blood flow, reducing the blood flow mean less glucose and less oxygen. Can be treated with Phenylephrine

Question 15

Why are TBIs problematic for the brain?

Answer 15

Increased excitatory amino acids (EAAs) which causes the increased release of glutamate and aspartate which increases the activation of NMDA receptors

Question 16

What groups are at high risk for such an injury?

Answer 16

Males 15-24
Substance abusers
Infants/Elderly

Question 17

What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy? Who is at risk?

Answer 17

Progressive degenerative disorder

Athletes and others who received repetitive brain trauma

Question 18

What are the symptoms for chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

Answer 18

Memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, impulse control, depression, aggression, progressive dementia

Question 19

Whats a generalized seizure?

Answer 19

a widespread seizure, both sides of the brain is activated, loss consciousness.
Tonic-clonic (grand-mal), Absence(petit mal) KIDS

Question 20

Whats a partial seizure?

Answer 20

Definite focus seizure, happen in one part of the body/brain

Question 21

Whats a simple seizure?

Answer 21

Happen in one area of the brain and doesn’t effect consciousness

Question 22

Whats a complex seizure?

Answer 22

Happens in one area of the brain and effects consciousness

Question 23

What are some causes of seizures?

Answer 23

Scarring from injury/strokes
	Abnormal development
	Effects of tumor
	Drug or withdraw
	Infections of fever
	Genetics

Question 24

What brain regions are affected in Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease?

Answer 24

Cortex, Ganglia, and Thalamus

Question 25

What does PD & HD have in common?

Answer 25

basal ganglia & motor disorder

Question 26

Symptoms of PD

Answer 26

resting tremor, muscular rigidity, slow movement, hard to start moving, masklike face

Question 27

Cause of PD

Answer 27

No single cause but risk factor is toxins, TBI, strokes or tumors

Question 28

Symptoms of HD

Answer 28

uncontrollable jerky movements of limbs

Question 29

Causes of HD

Answer 29

Single gene- Autosomal dominant

Question 30

What are some symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

Answer 30

explicit and implicit memory, decline in attention & change in personality

Question 31

What is usually the first recognizable symptom in AD?

Answer 31

Mild anterograde amnesia

Question 32

What do the neurons and the brain of an AD patient look like?

Answer 32

The cortex space has shrunk, the neurons lose their branches and activity Loss of connections between neurons

Question 33

Where are plaques and what forms them?

Answer 33

outside the cells, primarily on top | beta amyloid

Question 34

Where are tangles and what forms them?

Answer 34

inside the cell | abnormal form of intracellular protein Tau

Question 35

Understand the 3 models of human neuropsychological diseases

Answer 35

Kindling for epilepsy Transgenic mouse for AD MPTP for PD.

Question 36

How is Kindling for epilepsy induced? How is it alike and different from the human diseases its modeling?

Answer 36

Kindling is the epileptic episode following repeated electrical stimi to the brain. Similar: convulsions and resemble post TBI genes. Diff: the seizures are elicited

Question 37

How is Transgenic induced? How is it alike and different from the human diseases its modeling?

Answer 37

Induced: Insert the synthesis of human amyloids into fertilized mouse eggs and insert into mother. Mice mature and grow amyloids plaques like humans Simila/diff: don’t develop ALL symptoms (no tangles) or learning/memory dysfunction

Question 38

How is MPTP induced? How is it alike and different from the human diseases its modeling?

Answer 38

MPTP is produced by synthetic heoin Similar/diff: the brains respond the same, not exactly the same to PD though, no hallmark feature of PF (lewy body), rats are resistant to MPTP

Question 39

Whats a hematoma?

Answer 39

localized blood clots.

Question 40

Whats a subdural hematoma?

Answer 40

between dura and brain

Question 41

Whats a epidural hematoma?

Answer 41

between skull and dura

Question 42

Whats a contusional hematoma?

Answer 42

closed head injury damaging the cerebral vasculature