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Brain and Behavior > Brain Damage > Flashcards

Brain Damage Flashcards

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1
Q

Whats the damage from benign tumors?

A

Benign: damage by compression but can be cut out and wont regrow

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2
Q

Whats the damage from malignant tumor?

A

Damage by compression or infiltration. Infiltrating invades other regions and destroys cells in their path.
Compression of the brain regions can damage cells and obstruct the flow.

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3
Q

What are metasteses?

A

tumor shed cells that travel through bloodstream and creates new tumors

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4
Q

What types of cells in the brain don’t give rise to tumors?

A

Neurons

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5
Q

Whats a ischemic stroke?

A

Is the blockage of blood to the brain. Longer to develop, Brain is deprieved of blood and nutrients.

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6
Q

Whats a hemorrhagic stroke?

A

Hemorrhagic- is the bleeding in the brain. Causes cell death to the neurons.

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7
Q

Whats a thrombus stroke?

A

Blocks in the same location of stroke.

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8
Q

Whats an embolus stroke?

A

Forms then get broken apart and travel til it just stuck

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9
Q

What is the penumbra?

A

The area directly surrounding the stroke.

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10
Q

Understand the series of events leading to cell death in stroke.

A

1) blockage
2) Neurons that are effected by blockage release excessive glutamate
3) Excessive glutamate triggers excessive Ca+ and Na- into the postsynapses
4) Excessive Ca+ and Na- kills postsynapse neurons by releasing excess glutamate spreading the toxic

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11
Q

How are concussions classified (graded)

A

Grade 1) symptoms last less than 15 mins, no loss of consciousness
Grade 2) symptoms last greater than 15 mins, no loss of consciousness
Grade 3) loss of consciousness, for a few seconds

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12
Q

What sorts of physical damage can occur to the brain in a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?

A

TBI are unseen injury, (the silent epidemic)

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13
Q

Understand coup-countercoup.

A

When you quickly move your head back and forth the neurons in the center stretch die

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14
Q

What are the secondary factors of TBI

A

Reduction in the cerebral blood flow, reducing the blood flow mean less glucose and less oxygen. Can be treated with Phenylephrine

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15
Q

Why are TBIs problematic for the brain?

A

Increased excitatory amino acids (EAAs) which causes the increased release of glutamate and aspartate which increases the activation of NMDA receptors

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16
Q

What groups are at high risk for such an injury?

A

Males 15-24
Substance abusers
Infants/Elderly

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17
Q

What is chronic traumatic encephalopathy? Who is at risk?

A

Progressive degenerative disorder

Athletes and others who received repetitive brain trauma

18
Q

What are the symptoms for chronic traumatic encephalopathy?

A

Memory loss, confusion, impaired judgment, impulse control, depression, aggression, progressive dementia

19
Q

Whats a generalized seizure?

A

a widespread seizure, both sides of the brain is activated, loss consciousness.
Tonic-clonic (grand-mal), Absence(petit mal) KIDS

20
Q

Whats a partial seizure?

A

Definite focus seizure, happen in one part of the body/brain

21
Q

Whats a simple seizure?

A

Happen in one area of the brain and doesn’t effect consciousness

22
Q

Whats a complex seizure?

A

Happens in one area of the brain and effects consciousness

23
Q

What are some causes of seizures?

A 
Scarring from injury/strokes
	Abnormal development
	Effects of tumor
	Drug or withdraw
	Infections of fever
	Genetics
24
Q

What brain regions are affected in Huntington’s disease and Parkinson’s disease?

A

Cortex, Ganglia, and Thalamus

25
Q

What does PD & HD have in common?

A

basal ganglia & motor disorder

26
Q

Symptoms of PD

A

resting tremor, muscular rigidity, slow movement, hard to start moving, masklike face

27
Q

Cause of PD

A

No single cause but risk factor is toxins, TBI, strokes or tumors

28
Q

Symptoms of HD

A

uncontrollable jerky movements of limbs

29
Q

Causes of HD

A

Single gene- Autosomal dominant

30
Q

What are some symptoms of Alzheimer’s Disease

A

explicit and implicit memory, decline in attention & change in personality

31
Q

What is usually the first recognizable symptom in AD?

A

Mild anterograde amnesia

32
Q

What do the neurons and the brain of an AD patient look like?

A

The cortex space has shrunk, the neurons lose their branches and activity
Loss of connections between neurons

33
Q

Where are plaques and what forms them?

A

outside the cells, primarily on top

beta amyloid

34
Q

Where are tangles and what forms them?

A

inside the cell

abnormal form of intracellular protein Tau

35
Q

Understand the 3 models of human neuropsychological diseases

A

Kindling for epilepsy
Transgenic mouse for AD
MPTP for PD.

36
Q

How is Kindling for epilepsy induced? How is it alike and different from the human diseases its modeling?

A

Kindling is the epileptic episode following repeated electrical stimi to the brain.
Similar: convulsions and resemble post TBI genes.
Diff: the seizures are elicited

37
Q

How is Transgenic induced? How is it alike and different from the human diseases its modeling?

A

Induced: Insert the synthesis of human amyloids into fertilized mouse eggs and insert into mother. Mice mature and grow amyloids plaques like humans
Simila/diff: don’t develop ALL symptoms (no tangles) or learning/memory dysfunction

38
Q

How is MPTP induced? How is it alike and different from the human diseases its modeling?

A

MPTP is produced by synthetic heoin
Similar/diff: the brains respond the same, not exactly the same to PD though, no hallmark feature of PF (lewy body), rats are resistant to MPTP

39
Q

Whats a hematoma?

A

localized blood clots.

40
Q

Whats a subdural hematoma?

A

between dura and brain

41
Q

Whats a epidural hematoma?

A

between skull and dura

42
Q

Whats a contusional hematoma?

A

closed head injury damaging the cerebral vasculature

Brain and Behavior (11 decks)

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