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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The thalamus

A

All sensory impulses except smell; cognition, temp, pain, pressure

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2
Q

Vitreous chamber

A

Larger post. cavity of the eyeball

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3
Q

Anterior chamber

A

Lies b/n cornea and iris

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4
Q

Anterior cavity

A

Space ant. to lens

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5
Q

The cerebrum

A

Largest part of the brain divided by two hemispheres; composed of gray matter

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6
Q

A sensory receptor may be classified by

A

Sensory modality

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7
Q

Touch

A

Crude or discriminative

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8
Q

Nociceptors

A

Detect tissue damage

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9
Q

Proprioceptors

A

Muscle, tendon, joint, internal ear; senses body position and mvmt.

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10
Q

Smell

A

Olfaction

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11
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Detect inhaled chemicals

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12
Q

Rods

A

Provides vision of dim light

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13
Q

The area of highest visual acuity

A

Fovea centralis

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14
Q

The lens

A

Helps focus images on the retina

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15
Q

The inner ear

A

Labyrinth/ series of canals

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16
Q

The hair cells of the spiral organ

A

Receptors for hearing

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17
Q

The cerebellum

A

Equilibrium; voluntary muscle contraction and posture

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18
Q

Which meninges has two layers

A

Cranial dura mater

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19
Q

Which brain region contains pineal gland

A

Epithalamus

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20
Q

The main fxn of muscle spindles

A

Measure muscle length

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21
Q

Proprioception means awareness

A

Of self/ one’s own

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22
Q

Olfactory receptors are found

A

Within the plasma membranes of the olfactory cilia

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23
Q

Taste buds are found on

A

Tongue, soft palate, pharynx and epiglottis

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24
Q

Binocular vision

A

Both eyes focus on only one set of objects.

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25
Q

The lens is made of layers of proteins

A

Crystallins

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26
Q

The first step in the visual transduction

A

Absorption of light by a photopigment

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27
Q

Which of the following are proprioceptors found in

A

Joints

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28
Q

Receptors involved in maintenance of dynamic equilibrium

A

Mechanoreceptors

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29
Q

Receptors involved in hearing

A

Mechanoreceptors/ exteroceptors

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30
Q

Stimulus to sleep

A

Adenosine

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31
Q

Cones

A

Provides color vision in brighter light

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32
Q

Visual acuity

A

Sharpness of vision

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33
Q

Body temp.

A

Thalamus

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34
Q

Body position

A

Cerebellum

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35
Q

Pain

A

Thalamus; nociceptors; acute v chronic, somatic v visceral, superficial v deep

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36
Q

Vermis

A

Central area of cerebellum; (=”worm”)

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37
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Homeostasis; ANS; hormones, emotion and behavior

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38
Q

Diencephalon and telencephalon

A

Arise from the prosencephalon

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39
Q

Midbrain and central aqueduct

A

Connects 3rd ventricle to 4th ventricle

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40
Q

Epithalamus

A

Sup. and post. to thalamus; diurnal cycles and olfaction, emotional responses to odors

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41
Q

Voluntary mvmt. from cerebrum to cerebellum

A

Pons

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42
Q

Vomiting

A

Medulla; expulsion of contents from upper GI tract

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43
Q

Sneezing

A

Medulla; spasmodic contraction of breathing muscles that expel air through mouth and nose

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44
Q

Coughing

A

Medulla; deep inhalation followed by strong exhalation sending blast of air thru upper respiratory passage

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45
Q

Division that decreases heart rate

A

Parasympathetic

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46
Q

Controls voluntary skeletal muscle contraction

A

Cerebellum

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47
Q

Somatic and visceral senses

A

General senses

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48
Q

Vision, hearing, balance, taste and smell

A

Special senses

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49
Q

Touch, tickle, itch and pain

A

Nerve impulses from somatic sensory receptors received by primary somatosensory areas

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50
Q

Highly vascular; provides nutrients to posterior side of retina

A

Choroid

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51
Q

Structures that change the shape of the lens

A

Ciliary muscles

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52
Q

Near-sightedness

A

Myopia

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53
Q

Far-sightedness associated with aging

A

Presbyopia

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54
Q

Eardrum

A

Tympanic membrane

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55
Q

Diencephalon

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

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56
Q

Mesencephalon

A

Midbrain

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57
Q

Metencephalon

A

Pons, cerebellum and part of 4th ventricle

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58
Q

Prosencephalon

A

Forebrain

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59
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Hindbrain

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60
Q

Adenosine

A

Inhibits cholinergic neurons in the RAS that participate in arousal

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61
Q

Consciousness

A

State of wakefulness; fully alert; aware and oriented

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62
Q

NREM sleep

A

Consists of 4 stages, no dreams

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63
Q

REM sleep

A

Where dreaming occurs

64
Q

Organ of Corti

A

Organ of hearing

65
Q

Oval window

A

Opening in ear in which footplates of stapes fit

66
Q

Round window

A

Small opening between middle and internal ear

67
Q

Cerebral peduncles

A

Conduct impulses between cerebellum and other parts of the brain

68
Q

Midbrain

A

Part of the brain between pons and the diencephalon

69
Q

Reticular formation

A

Broad region where white matter and gray matter exhibit a netlike arrangement; helps maintain consciousness, cause awakening, and contributes to regulation of muscle tone

70
Q

Auricle

A

Flap of cartilage covered by skin

71
Q

Tympanic membrane

A

Eardrum; sound waves cause it to vibrate, which in turn causes malleus to vibrate

72
Q

The reticular formation

A

Alerts to sensory signals; awakening

73
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

PNS; consists of somatic sensory (afferent) neurons and somatic motor (efferent) neurons

74
Q

Normal vision associated with a correctly shaped eyeball

A

Emmetropia

75
Q

Visceral senses

A

Provide info. about conditions within the internal organs

76
Q

Olfactory receptors

A

Detect inhaled chemicals

77
Q

Controlled by hypothalamus

A

Autonomic nervous system

78
Q

Adrenal medulla

A

Secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine in response to stimulation by sympathetic preganglionic neurons

79
Q

Autonomic plexuses

A

Networks of sympathetic and parasympathetic axons (e.g. cardiac plexus)

80
Q

Tendon organ

A

Proprioceptive receptor sensitive to changes in muscle tension and force of contraction; found ear junctions of tendons and muscles

81
Q

CSF

A

Clear liquid containing glucose, proteins and ions; mechanical and chemical protection, circulation

82
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Ascending sensory and descending motor tracts; cardio and respi center

83
Q

Pons

A

Sup. to medulla, relays impulses to voluntary skeletal muscles

84
Q

Subthalamus

A

Connect to motor areas of the cerebrum; body mvmt. control alongside basal ganglia, cerebellum and cerebrum

85
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Gray matter that control large automatic mvmts. of skeletal muscle

86
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotional aspects of behavior and memory; pleasure and pain

87
Q

Hemispheric lateralization

A

Left side: right handed control, language, numerical and statistical skills
Right side: left handed control, creativity

88
Q

Adaptation

A

Change in sensitivity to long-lasting stimuli

89
Q

Tactile receptors

A

Meissner’s corpuscles, hair root plexuses, type I, type II mechanoreceptors, lamellated corpuscles, free nerve endings

90
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

From brain stem or spinal cord to skeletal muscles

91
Q

Cranial nerves

A

Part of peripheral nervous system; pass through bases in the cranium and arise from the brain

92
Q

Controlled by facial nerve

A

(Sensory) Taste from anterior 2/3 of tongue; touch, pain, heat from skin in external ear canal

(Motor) muscles of facial expression, middle ear muscle, secretion of tears and saliva

93
Q

Pyramids are

A

Protrusions on the ant. aspect of the medulla

94
Q

White rami

A

Connect the ant. ramus of the spinal nerve with the ganglia of the sympathetic trunk

95
Q

Enteric nervous system

A

Nerves and ganglia within the wall of the GI tract

96
Q

Muscle spindles

A

Measure muscle length; input used to coordinate muscle contractions

97
Q

General senses

A

Somatic and visceral senses

98
Q

Special senses

A

Smell, taste, vision, hearing and equilibrium

99
Q

Sensory modality

A

Each diff. type of sensation

100
Q

Parasympathetic division

A

Rest and digest

101
Q

Sympathetic division

A

Fight or flight

102
Q

Somatic senses

A

Sensory receptors embedded in skin or subcutaneous layer

103
Q

Plasticity

A

Capability for change associated with learning

104
Q

Caffeine

A

Prevent adenosine from binding and inducing sleep

105
Q

Olfaction

A

Sense of smell

106
Q

Olfactory glands

A

Bowman’s glands; produce mucus that is carried to the surface of the epithelium by ducts

107
Q

Basal cells

A

Stem cells undergoing division to produce new olfactory cells

108
Q

Supporting cells

A

Columnar epithelial cells lining the nose, provide support, nourishment and electrical insulation

109
Q

The olfactory tract

A

Axons of olfactory bulb neurons

110
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent coat that covers the iris

111
Q

The fibrous tunic of the eye

A

Is the superficial layer of the eyeball and consists of the ant. cornea and post. sclera

112
Q

Amacrine cells

A

Modify signals transmitted from photoreceptors to bipolar cells to ganglion

113
Q

Crystalline

A

Proteins that make up the refractive media of the lens

114
Q

Aqueous humor

A

Transparent watery fluid that nourishes the lens and cornea

115
Q

Color vision

A

Stimulation of various combinations of blue, green and red cones

116
Q

Cornea

A

Transparent coat that covers the iris

117
Q

Iris

A

Colored portion of the eyeball

118
Q

Sclera

A

White of the eye

119
Q

Ciliary body

A

Contains melanin-producing melanocytes, ciliary processes and ciliary muscle

120
Q

Choroid

A

Lines most of the internal surface of the sclera

121
Q

Hyperopia

A

Farsightedness

122
Q

Myopia

A

Nearsightedness

123
Q

Astigmatism

A

Cornea or lens has irregular curvature

124
Q

Emmetropia

A

Sufficient refraction of light rays, focusing a clear image on the retina

125
Q

Presbyopia

A

Due to aging, lens loses elasticity and ability to focus on objects up close

126
Q

Incus

A

Middle ear bone that articulates with the head of the stapes

127
Q

Stapes

A

Base/ footplate

128
Q

Malleus

A

“Handle” attaches to the internal surface of the tympanic membrane

129
Q

Auditory tube

A

Connects the middle ear with the nasopharynx

130
Q

Semicircular canals

A

Filled with endolymph, contain cristae that are concerned with dynamic equilibrium

131
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Self governing, visceral sensory (afferent) and visceral motor (efferent)

132
Q

Ganglion

A

Group of neuronal cell bodies lying outside the CNS

133
Q

Postganglionic neuron

A

Unmyelinated axon ending at cardiac muscle, smooth muscle or gland; 2nd autonomic neuron

134
Q

Preganglionic neuron

A

Myelinated axon ending in an autonomous ganglion; synapses with postganglionic neuron; 1st autonomic motor neuron

135
Q

Indirect motor pathways

A

Convey info. from the brain down the spinal cord for mvmt.; (“extra pyramidal pathways”)

136
Q

Gamma motor neuron

A

Type of lower motor neuron that takes part in muscle contraction

137
Q

Kinesthetic receptors

A

Found in muscles, tendons and joints; monitor position

138
Q

Sympathetic ganglia

A

Deliver info. to the body about stress and impending danger

139
Q

Parasympathetic ganglia

A

Supply parasympathetic innervation to the head or neck

140
Q

Autonomic tone is regulated

A

Hypothalamus

141
Q

Visceral pain results from stimulating

A

Nociceptors

142
Q

These receptor cells sense of taste

A

Gustatory

143
Q

Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland

A

Sty

144
Q

Correct order in the flow of tears

A

Lacrimal gland, excretory lacrimal duct, sup. or inf. lacrimal canal, nasolacrimal duct, lacrimal sac, nasal cavity

145
Q

How many extrinsic eye muscles

A

Six

146
Q

Lies between the lens and the retina

A

Vitreous canal

147
Q

This darkly pigmented structure reduces light

A

Choroid

148
Q

This outer layer of dense connective tissue of the eye ball

A

Sclera

149
Q

Olfactory hair cells

A

Cover the epithelium and respond to particular chemicals

150
Q

Ganglion neurons

A

Cluster of interconnected neurons

151
Q

Basal forebrain

A

Collection of structures below the striatum

152
Q

Vibrations directly from the stapes

A

Occur in the oval window

153
Q

Ossicle known as the anvil

A

Incus

154
Q

Two layers of muscles which adjust diameter of pupil

A

Sphincter pupillae and dilator pupillae

155
Q

Controls response to a threat to survival

A

Autonomic

Biology (8 decks)

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