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Biology > Chapter 13 Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Spinal Cord And Spinal Nerves Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Composed of 100 million neuron’s and even more neuroglia

A

Spinal cord

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2
Q

Contain neural circuits that Control some of most rapid reactions to environmental changes

A

Spinal cord and its associated spinal nerves

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3
Q

A quick automatic response to certain stimuli that involves neuron’s only in the spinal nerves and spinal cord

A

Spinal cord reflex

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4
Q

Site for integration (summing) of excitatory post synaptic potentials and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials

A

Gray matter of the spinal cord

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5
Q

Arise as Neurotransmitter molecules interact with their receptors at synapses in the spinal cord

A

Graded potentials

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6
Q

Highways

A

White matter

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7
Q

Contains a dozen major sensory and motor tracks which function as highways along which sensory input travels to the brain and motor output travels from the brain to skeletal muscles and other effectors

A

Spinal cord

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8
Q

Delicate and does not respond well to injury or damage

A

Nervous tissue of the central nervous system

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9
Q

Protective layers off the central nervous system

A

Skull and vertebral column a space between two of the meningeal membranes containing cerebrospinal fluid that suspends the CNS tissue no in a weightless environment while surrounding it with the shock absorbing hydraulic cushion

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10
Q

Located with in the vertebral canal of the vertebral column

A

Spinal cord

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11
Q

Formed by the vertebral foramina of all of the vertebrae stacked one on top of the other.
Vertebral ligaments, meninges and cerebrospinal fluid provide additional protection

A

Vertebral column

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12
Q

Are three protective connective tissue coverings that encircle the spinal cord and brain

A

Meninges

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13
Q

Surrounds the spinal cord

A

Spinal meninges

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14
Q

Encircles the brain

A

Cranial meninges

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15
Q

Three spinal Meninges

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia Mater

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16
Q

Space between the dura Mater in the wall of the vertebral canal

A

Epidural space

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17
Q

Most superficial spinal meninges,thick strong layer composed of dense irregular tissue

A

Dura mater

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18
Q

Then avascular covering comprised of cells and thin loosely arranged collagen and elastic fibers. Layer middle of the meningeal membranes

A

Arachnoid Mater

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19
Q

Thin transparent connective tissue layer that adheres to the surface of the spinal cord and brain consist of thin squamous to cuboidal cells. With in interlacing bundles of collagen fibers and some fine elastic fibers. innermost meninx

A

Pia Mater

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20
Q

Triangular shaped membranous extensions. Thickenings of the pia mater

A

Denticulate Ligaments

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21
Q

Project laterally and fuse with the arachnoid Mater and inner surface of the dura Mater between the The anterior and posterior nerve roots of the spinal nerves

A

Denticulate ligaments

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22
Q

Protects the spinal cord against sudden displacement that could result in shock

A

Denticulate ligament

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23
Q

Contains shock absorbing cerebrospinal fluid located between the arachnoid Mater and pia mater

A

Sub arachnoid space

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24
Q

Removal of cerebrospinal fluid from the sub arachnoid space

A

Spinal tap

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25
Q

Inflammation of the meninges

A

Meningitis

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26
Q

Is roughly oval in shape for that then slightly anteriorly and posteriorly in adults if it extends from the medulla oblongata to the superior border of the second lumbar vertebra

A

Spinal cord

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27
Q

Pathway for sensory input to the brain and motor output from the brain

A

Spinal cord

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28
Q

Procedure used to diagnose pathologies and to introduce antibiotics contrast media anesthetics and chemotherapeutic drugs

A

Spinal tap or lumbar puncture

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29
Q

Contain cervical and lumbar enlargements that serves as points of origin for nerves to the extremities

A

Spinal cord

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30
Q

Tapered portion of the spinal cord from which arise the filum terminale and cauda equina

A

Conus medullaris

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31
Q

Flat the cylinder 16 to 18 inches long and 3/4 inch diameter an adult ends at L2 a newborn and L for growth of cord stops at age 5
cervical enlargement -upper limbs
Lumbar enlargement -lower limbs

A

External anatomy of spinal cord

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32
Q

Conus medullaris
Filum terminale
Caudae equinae (horses tail)
Spinal segment

A

Inferior end of spinal cord

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33
Q

Going shaped end of spinal cord

A

Conus medullaris

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34
Q

Thread like extension of pia mater

stabilizes spinal cord in Canal

A

Filum Terminale

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35
Q

Dorsal and ventral roots of lowest spinal nerves

A

Caudae Equinae (Horses Tail)

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36
Q

Area of cord from which each pair of spinal nerves arises

A

Spinal segment

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37
Q

Paths of communication between the spinal cord and most of the body

A

Spinal nerves

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38
Q

Two points of attachment that connect each spinal nerve to a segment of the spinal cord

A

Roots

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39
Q

Eight pairs of cervical nerves
12 pairs of thoracic nerves
five pairs of lumbar nerves five pairs of sacral nerves
one pair of coccygeal nerve

A

The 31 pairs of spinal nerves

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40
Q

Begin as roots

A

Spinal nerve

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41
Q

Outgoing motor fibers

A

Ventral or anterior root

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42
Q

Cell bodies of sensory nerves

A

Dorsal root ganglion

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43
Q

Penetrate the white Mater of the spinal cord and divided into right and left sides

A

Anterior median fissure and posterior median sulcus

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44
Q

Shaped like the letter H are a butterfly and is surrounded by white Matter

A

Gray matter

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45
Q

Consists primarily of cell bodies of neurons and neuroglia and in myelinated axons and dendrites of association and motor neuron’s

A

Gray matter

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46
Q

Forms the crossbar of the H shaped gray matter

A

Gray commissure

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47
Q

Consists of bundles of myelinated axons of motor and sensory neurons

A

White matter

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48
Q

Continues with fourth ventricle of brain

A

Central canal

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49
Q

Shaped like the letter H or butterfly contains neuron cell bodies, unmyelinated axons and dendrites
Paired dorsal and ventral a gray horns
lateral horns only present in thoracic spinal cord
Gray commissure crosses the midline

A

Gray Matter

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50
Q

Anterior to the gray commissure

Connects the white matter of the right and left sides of the spinal cord

A

Anterior white commissure

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51
Q

Divided into horns contain cell bodies of neurons

A

Gray matter

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52
Q

Divided into columns each column contains distinct bundles of nerve axons that have a common origin or destination and carry similar information

A

White matter

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53
Q

Distinct bundles of nerve axons

A

Tracts

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54
Q

Covers gray matter

A

White matter

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55
Q

Deeper than a posterior median sulcus

A

Anterior median fissure

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56
Q

Contain axons that form ascending and descending tracts

A

Anterior lateral and posterior white columns

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57
Q

To principal functions of the spinal cord

A

White matter tracts are highways for nerve impulse conduction to and from the brain
Gray matter receives and integrates incoming and outgoing information

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58
Q

Conduct nerve impulses toward the brain the Lateral and anterior spinothalamic tracts and the posterior column tract

A

Sensory (ascending)

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59
Q

Conduct impulses down the cord

A

Motor (descending)tracts

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60
Q

Include lateral and anterior corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts

A

Direct pathways

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61
Q

Include rubrospinal, tectospinal and vestibulospinal tracts

A

Indirect pathways

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62
Q

Function of tracts

A

Highways for sensory and motor information

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63
Q

Naming of tracts

A

Indicate position and direction of signal

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64
Q

Ascend

A

Sensory tracts

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65
Q

Descend

A

Motor tracts

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66
Q

Function of tracts

A

Highways for sensory and motor information

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67
Q

Impulses travel from spinal cord towards

A

Brain (thalamus) found in anterior part of spinal cord

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68
Q

Motor tracts

A

Pyramidal tract

Extra pyramidal tract

69
Q

Sensory tracts

A

Spinothalamic tract
Posterior column
Spinocerebellar

70
Q

Pain temperature the pressure and crude touch

A

Spinothalamic tract function

71
Q

Proprioception,discriminative touch two point discrimination pressure and vibration

A

Posterior columns

72
Q

Precise voluntary movements

A

Direct pathways (corticospinal and corticobulbar

73
Q

Programming automatic movements posture and muscle tone equilibrium and coordination of visual reflexes

A

Indirect pathways (rubrospinal vestibulospinal)

74
Q

Fast predictable automatic response to changes in their environment that helps to maintain homeostasis

A

Reflex

75
Q

May be spinal cranial somatic or autonomic

A

Reflexes

76
Q

Serves us and integrating center for spinal reflexes occurs in the gray matter

A

Spinal cord

77
Q

Specific nerve impulse pathway

A

Reflects arc

78
Q

Five components of reflex arc

A 
Receptor sensory 
neuron 
integrating center 
motor neuron 
effector
79
Q

Simplest type of pathway

A

Reflex arc

80
Q

Specific neural circuits include at least one synapse

A

Pathways

81
Q

Helps maintain homeostasis by permitting the body to make exceedingly rapid adjustments to homeostatic imbalances

A

Reflexes

82
Q 
Include the stretch reflex 
tendon reflex 
Flexor reflex
 crossed extensor reflex
all exhibit reciprocal innervention
A

Somatic spinal reflexes

83
Q

Operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle length by causing muscle contraction
Prevents injury from overstretching biggest muscle contracts when it is stretched
Mono synaptic ipsilateral reflex arc

A

Stretch reflex or patellar reflex

84
Q

Muscle spindle signals stretch of muscle motor neuron activated and muscle contracts

A

Events of stretch reflex

85
Q

Sets muscle spindle sensitivity as it sets muscle tone

A

Brain

86
Q

Antagonistic muscles relax as part of reflex

A

Reciprocal innervation(polysynaptic-interneuron)

87
Q

Operates as a feedback mechanism to control muscle tension by crossing muscle relaxation when muscle force becomes too extreme ipsilateral polysynaptic reflex

A

Tendon reflex

88
Q

Kosice contraction of ipsilateral muscle group

A

Reciprocal innervation or polysynaptic

89
Q

Golgi tendon organs are in tendon activated by stretching of tendon in inhibitory neuron is stimulated

A

Tendon reflex

90
Q

Is ipsilateral and is a protective or drywall reflects that moves and them to avoid pain

A

Flexor or withdrawal reflex

91
Q

Resulting in contraction off flexor muscles to move a limb to avoid injury or pain

A

Flexor and crossed extensor reflexes

92
Q

Is contralateral helps to maintain balance during the flexor reflects

A

Crossed extensor reflex

93
Q

Balance maintaining reflects that crosses the synchronized extension of the joints of one limb and flex ion of the joints in the opposite limb

A

Crossed extensor reflexes

94
Q

Step on tack (pain fibers send signal to spinal cord)
interneurons branch to different spinal cord segments
motor fibers in several segments are activated more than one muscle group group activated to lift foot off of tack

A

Flexor reflex

95
Q

Lifting for left foot requires extension of right leg to maintain one’s balance
pain signals cross to opposite spinal cord

A

Crossed extensor reflex

96
Q

Stimulated by interneurons to hold up the bodyweight

A

Contra lateral extensor muscles

97
Q

When extensors contract flexors relax

A

Reciprocal innervation

98
Q

Stroke the lateral margin of the sole

normal response is curling under the toes

A

Plantar flexion reflex

99
Q

Upward Fanning of toes due to incomplete my myelination in child

A

Babinski sign

100
Q

Connects the CNS to sensory receptors muscles and glands and are part of the peripheral nervous system

A

Spinal nerves

101
Q

Formed by roots of the lower lumbar sacral and coccygeal nerves are not in line with their corresponding vertebrae

A

Cauda equina

102
Q

Connects to the cord via an interior and the posterior root

A

Spinal nerves

103
Q

Is a mixed nerve

A

Spinal nerve

104
Q

Contains sensory axons

A

Posterior root

105
Q

Contains motor axons

A

Anterior root

106
Q

8 pairs of cervical nerves

A

C1-c8

107
Q

12 pairs of thoracic nerves

A

T1-t12

108
Q

Five pairs of lumbar nerves

A

L1-L5

109
Q

Five pairs of sacral nerves

A

S1-S5

110
Q

Made of 31 pairs of spinal nerves and mix sensory and motor nerves

A

Spinal nerves

111
Q

A single axon within an emdoneurium

A

Fiber

112
Q

A bundle of fibers within a perineurium

A

Fascicles

113
Q

A bundle of fascicles within an epineurium

A

Nerve

114
Q

Grouped within connective tissue sheaths

A

Spinal nerve axons

115
Q

Wrapping of each nerve fibers

A

Endoneurium

116
Q

Surrounds group of nerve fibers forming a fascicle

A

Perineurium

117
Q

Covering of entire nerve

A

Epineurium

118
Q

Blends into it at inter-vertebral foramen

A

Dura mater

119
Q

Around each axon

A

Emdoneurium

120
Q

Around entire nerve

A

Epineurium

121
Q

Around each fascicle

A

Perineurium

122
Q

Form from dorsal and ventral roots

Branch into dorsal and ventral rami

A

Spinal nerves

123
Q

Supply skin and muscles of back

A

Dorsal rami

124
Q

Form flexes supply anterior trunk and limbs

A

Ventral rami

125
Q

Supply meninges, vertebrae and blood vessel

A

Meningeal branches

126
Q

Joining of ventral rami of spinal nerves form

Found in neck, arms, low back and sacral regions

A

Nerve networks or plexuses

127
Q

No plexuses in

A

Thoracic region

128
Q

Supplies the skin and muscles of the head neck and upper part of the shoulders connects with some cranial nerves and supplies the diaphragm

A

Cervical plexus

129
Q

Causes respiratory arrest

A

Damage to the spinal cord above the origin of the phrenic nerves c3-c5

130
Q

Breathing stops because

A

The phrenic nerves no longer send impulses to the diaphragm

131
Q

C-1 C-5 ventral rami

Supplies parts of head neck and shoulders

A

Cervical plexus

132
Q

Keeps diaphragm alive

A

Phrenic nerve

133
Q

Damage to cord above C3

A

Respiratory arrest

134
Q

Constitutes the nerve supply for the upper extremities and a number of neck and shoulder muscles

A

Brachial plexus

135
Q

Wrist drop carpal tunnel syndrome clawhand wing scapula, Erb-Duchene policy or waiters tip palsy, kumphe’s

A

Nerve disorders resulting from injury to the brachial plexus

136
Q

C-5 through T1

A

Ventral rami

137
Q

Basses superior to first rib and under clavicle

A

Brachial plexus

138
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Elbow flexors

139
Q

Radial nerve

A

Shoulder and elbow extensors

140
Q

Flexors of wrist and hand

A

Median and ulnar nerve

141
Q

Supplies the anterolateral abdominal wall external genitals and part of the lower extremities

A

Lumbar plexus

142
Q

Largest nerve arising from the lumbar plexus

A

Femoral nerve

143
Q

Inability to extend the leg and loss of sensation in the skin over the Antero medial aspect of the thigh

A

Injury to the femoral nerve

144
Q

Common complication of childbirth and results in paralysis of the abductor muscles of the leg and loss of sensation over the medial aspect of the thigh

A

Obturator nerve injury

145
Q

Supplies the buttocks perineurium

and part of the lower extremity

A

Sacral plexus

146
Q

Largest nerve in the body

A

Sciatic nerve

147
Q

Branches results in sciatica pain that extends from the butt back down to the back of the leg

A

Injury today sciatic nerve, and common peroneal portion

148
Q

Injury can occur due to a herniated disc dislocated hip osteoarthritis of the lumbar spine pressure from the uterus during pregnancy or improperly administered gluteal injection

A

Sciatic nerve injury

149
Q

Anterior to the sacrum the ventral rami of L4 to L5 and S1 to S4
Supplies buttocks, perineurium and part of lower limb

A

Sacral plexus

150
Q

L4 to S3 supplies post high and all below knee

A

Sciatic nerve

151
Q

Produces foot drop or numbness

A

Peroneal nerve injury

152
Q

Produces calcaneovalgus or loss of function under dear your leg and dorsum of

A

Tibial nerve injury

153
Q

Located behind the knee

A

Common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve

154
Q

Pain extending from the buttocks down the leg to the foot

A

Sciatica

155
Q

The skin over the entire body supplied by spinal nerves that carry somatic sensory nerves impulses into the spinal cord

A

Dermatomes

156
Q

All spinal nerves except C1 innervate specific constant segments of the skin skin segments are called

A

Dermatomes

157
Q

Supplied by cranial nerve V

A

Skin on face

158
Q

Damage regions of the spinal cords can be distinguished by patterns of numbness over what region

A

Dermatome region

159
Q

Must be done over three adjacent spinal nerves

A

Infusing local anesthetics or cutting roots

160
Q

Injury that severs the cord loss of sensation and motor control below the injury

A

Spinal cord

161
Q

Inflammation of nerves cost by injury vitamin deficiency or poison

A

Neuritis

162
Q

Infection of peripheral nerve by chickenpox virus causes pain skin discoloration line of skin blisters

A

Shingles

163
Q

Viral infection costing motor neuron death and possible death from cardiac failure or respiratory arrest

A

Polo myelitis

164
Q

Waiters tip position fall on his shoulder

A

Erb-Duchene palsy

165
Q

Improper deltoid injection or tight cast wrist drop

A

Radial nerve injury

166
Q

Numb palm and fingers inability to pronate and flex fingers

A

Median nerve injury

167
Q

Inability to adduct/abduct fingers atrophy of interosseous

A

Ulnar nerve injury or clawhand

168
Q

Paralysis of serratus anterior can’t of abduct above horizontal

A

Long thoracic nerve injury or winged scapula

Biology (8 decks)

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