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Biology > Chapter 10 Muscular Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Muscular Tissue Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Contractive organelles of skeletal muscle?

A

Myofibrils

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2
Q

Dilated end sacs of the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

Terminal cisterns

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3
Q

Fluid filled system of membranous sacs?

Encircles each Myofibrils?

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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4
Q

Formed by a transverse tubule and 2 terminal cisterns on either side?

A

Triad

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5
Q

Stored by the SR. When in a relaxed muscle fiber

A

Calcium Ions (Ca+2)

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6
Q

From the terminal cisterns of the SR. Triggers muscle contraction?

A

Release of Ca+2

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7
Q

Darker middle part of a sarcomere. Extends the entire length of thick filament

A

A Band

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8
Q

Narrow plate shapes regions of dense protein. Separates one sarcomere from the next

A

Z discs

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9
Q

Basic functional unit of a myofibril

A

Sarcomere

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10
Q

Small protein structures within Myofibrils

A

Filaments or myofilaments

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11
Q

Where the thick and thin filaments lie side by side

A

Zone of overlap

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12
Q

Lighter less dense area that contains the rest of the thin filament but no thick filaments.

A

I band

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13
Q

Contains thick but not thin filaments, in the center of each A band

A

H zone

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14
Q

Formed when supporting proteins that hold the thick filaments together at the center of the H line. At the middle of the sarcomere

A

M line

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15
Q

Twisted golf club handles point towards the M line in the center of the sarcomere

A

Myosin tail

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16
Q

The 2 projections of each myosin molecule.heads project outward from the shaft in a spiraling fashion each extending toward one of the 6 thin filaments that surround each thick filament

A

Myosin head

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17
Q

3 muscle proteins

A

Contractile - generate force during contraction
Regulatory - help switch the contraction process off and on
Structural- keep the thick and thin filaments in the proper alignment, give myofibril elasticity and extensibility

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18
Q

2 contractive proteins

A

Myosin - main component of thick filaments and functions as motor protein

Actin- motor protein pull various cellular structures to achieve movement by converting electrical in ATP to mechanical energy

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19
Q

Components of sarcomere

A 
Z discs
A band
I band
H zone
M line
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20
Q

Where a myosin head can attach

A

Myosin binding site

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21
Q

Main component of thin filaments anchored to Z discs. Individual actin molecules join to form an actin filament that is twisted into a helix

A

Actin

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22
Q

Thin filaments contain

A

Actin
Troponin
Tropomyosin

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23
Q

Contractile proteins can generate force during contraction

A

Myosin and actin

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24
Q

Regulatory proteins, help switch contraction on and off

A

Troponin and Tropomyosin

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25
Q

When muscle activity continues and the supply of creatinine phosphate within the muscle fiber is depleted. Glucose is catabolized to generate ATP

A

Anaerobic glycolysis

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26
Q

Pyruvic acid generated from glycolysis is converted to

A

Lactic acid

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27
Q

Muscular activity lasting more than 30 seconds. This system of ATP production involves biological oxidation

A

Aerobic cellular respiration

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28
Q

A small amino acid like molecule that is synthesized in the liver, kidneys and pancreas and then transported to muscle fibers

A

Creatine

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29
Q

Unique to muscle fibers an energy rich molecule that’s is found in muscle fiber. The enzyme Creatine kinase catalyzes the transfer of the high energy phosphate group from ATP to Creatine forming Creatine phosphate and ADP

A

Creatine phosphate

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30
Q

From Creatine phosphate. By anaerobic glycolysis. By aerobic respiration. Production of ATP in muscle fibers

A

Muscle metabolism

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31
Q

Used to diagnose certain muscle disorders . Measures the electrical activity in resting and contracting muscles

A

Electromyography

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32
Q

Acetylcholine released at the neuromuscular junction triggers a muscle action potential which leads to muscle contraction

A

Summary of events of the contractions and relaxation in a skeletal muscle fiber

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33
Q

Blocks removal of ACh from receptors so strengthens weak muscle contractions of myasthenia gravia. Also an antidote for curare after surgery is finished

A

Neostigmine (anticholinesterase agent)

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34
Q

Release of acetylcholine
Activation of ACh receptors
Production of muscle action potential
Termination of ACh activity

A

Events occurring after a nerve signal

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35
Q

Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle fibers to contract

A

Somatic motor neurons

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36
Q

Plant poison from poison arrows . Relax muscle during surgery

A

Curare

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37
Q

Produced by the bacterium clostridium botulinum. Bl is exocytosis of synaptic vesicles at the NMJ as a result ACh is not released and muscle contraction does not occur

A

Botulinum toxin

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38
Q

Usually near the midpoint of a skeletal muscle fiber, the synapse between the somatic motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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39
Q

Chemical messenger released when the 1st cell communicates with the second cell

A

Neurotransmitter

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40
Q

Deep groves in the motor end plate that provide a large surface area for ACh

A

Junction folds

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41
Q

All of the synaptic end bulbs in one side of he synaptic cleft plus the motor end plate of the muscle fiber on the other side

A

Neuromuscular junction

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42
Q

Ligand gates ion channels, abundant in junction folds , integral transmembrane proteins to which ACh binds

A

Acetylcholine receptors

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43
Q

The region of the sarcolemma opposite the synapse end bulbs

A

Motor end plate

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44
Q

Neurotransmitter released at the NMJ

A

Acetylcholine

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45
Q

Hundreds of membrane enclosed sacs containing thousands of molecules of acetylcholine the neurotransmitter released at the NMJ

A

Synaptic vesicles

46
Q

Swelling of axon terminals . Contain synaptic vesicles filled with ACh

A

Synaptic end bulbs

47
Q

Small gap that separates the neuron cell and target cell

A

Synaptic cleft

48
Q

Located at the end of the motor neuron at the NMJ. Divides into a cluster of synaptic end bulbs

A

Axon terminal

49
Q

The forcefulness of muscle contraction depends on the length of the sarcomeres within a muscle before contraction begins.
A muscle fiber develops its greatest tension when there is an optimal zone of overlap between thick and thin filaments.

A

Length- Tension Relationship

50
Q

Molecules of calcium binding protein found inside the SR. Bind to the Ca2+ enabling even more Ca2+ to be sequestered or stored within the ST

A

Calsequestrin

51
Q

Composed of hundreds to thousands of cells. Muscle cells and muscle fiber are 2 terms for the same structure.

A

Muscle fibers

52
Q

Long cylindrical and multinucleated

A

Muscle cells

53
Q

Muscle cell membrane, the muscle cell cytoplasm and contains a large amount of glycogen and myoglobin.

A

Sarcolemma

54
Q

Filled with tiny threads called Myofibrils and myoglobin

A

Sarcoplasm

55
Q

Consist of thin and thick filaments

A

Myofibrils

56
Q

Tiny invagination of the sarcolemma that quickly spread the muscle action potential to all parts of the muscle fiber

A

T tubules

57
Q

Invaginations of the sarcolemma into the center of the cells . Filled with extracellular fluid , carry muscle action potentials

A

T transverse tubules

58
Q

Lie in rows throughout the cell near the muscle proteins that use ATP during contraction

A

Mitochondria

59
Q

A tendon that extends as a broad flat layer

A

Aponeurosis

60
Q

A cord of dense connective tissue that attaches a muscle to the periosteum of a bone

A

Tendon

61
Q

Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract. Consist of threadlike axon that extends from the brain or spinal cord to a group of skeletal muscle fiber

A

Somatic motor neurons

62
Q

Used during contraction, muscle fiber synthesizes

A

ATP

63
Q

Small mesodermal cell. Muscle fiber arises during embryonic development from the fusion of a hundred or more mesoderm cells

A

Myoblasts

64
Q

3 layers of connective tissue

A

Epimysium - surround the whole muscle
Perimysium- surrounds bundles (fascicles ) of 10-100 muscle cells
Endomysium- separates individual muscle cells

65
Q

2 main types of stimuli that trigger action potential

A

Autorythmic - electrical signals arising I the muscular tissue
Chemical stimuli such as neurotransmitters released by neuron’s hormones distributed by the blood or even local changes in pH

66
Q

Properties of muscular tissue

A

excitability conductivity contractibility extensibility elasticity

67
Q

Functions of a muscular tissue

A

Providing body movements stabber lysing body positions storing in moving substances within the body generating heat

68
Q

Types of muscular tissue

A

Skeletal muscle tissue cardiac muscle tissue smooth muscle tissue

69
Q

Located in the walls of hollow internal structures found in skin attach to hair follicles non striated in voluntary has autorhythmicity

A

Smooth muscle tissue

70
Q

Forms most of the heart wall
Straited
Action is in voluntary alternating contraction and relaxation of the heart not consciously controlled has a natural pacemaker

A

Cardiac muscle

71
Q

Connective tissue
Striated
Voluntary
Controlled by neuron’s or nerve cells part of the somatic division controlled subconsciously

A

Skeletal muscle tissue

72
Q

Transform chemical energy into mechanical energy to generate force perform work and produce movement stabilize body position regulate organ volume generate heat and propel fluids and food matter through various body systems

A

Primary function of muscle

73
Q

Allow an impulse to travel over long and short distances

A

Action potentials

74
Q

Wasting away of muscle caused by disuse or severing of the nerve supply the transition to connective tissue cannot be reversed

A

Atrophy

75
Q

Increase in the diameter of muscle fibers resulting from very forceful repetitive muscular activity in and increase and Myofibrils SR mitochondria

A

Hypertrophy

76
Q

The muscle growth that occurs after birth occurs by enlargement of existing muscle fibers

A

Muscular Hypertrophy

77
Q

Chronic painful nine articular rheumatic disorder. That affects the fibrous connective tissue components off muscles tendons and ligaments

A

Fibromyalgia

78
Q

State off muscular rigidity that begins 3 to 4 hours after death and lasts about 24 hours since ATP synthesis has ceased cross bridges cannot detached from Actin until proteolytic enzymes begin to digest the decomposing cells.

A

Rigor Mortis

79
Q

The inability of the muscle to maintain force of contraction after prolonged activity

A

Muscle fatigue

80
Q

Feelings of tiredness and desire to cease activity

A

Central fatigue

81
Q

The added oxygen over and above the resting oxygen consumption that is taken into the body after exercise

A

Oxygen debt

82
Q

Convert lactic acid back into glycogen resynthesized creatinine phosphate and ATP in muscle fibers and replace oxygen removed from myoglobin

A

Restore metabolic conditions to the resting level in three ways

83
Q

Consists of a somatic motor neuron plus all of the skeletal muscle fibers it stimulates

A

Motor units

84
Q

Brief contraction of all muscle fibers in a motor unit in response to a single action potential in its motor neuron

A

Twitch contraction

85
Q

The record of a muscle contraction

A

Myogram

86
Q

The delay which lasts about 2M second The muscle action potential sweeps over the sarcolemma and calcium ions are released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

Latent period

87
Q

Lasts 10 to 100 msec calcium ion binds to troponin Myosin binding sites on Actin Are exposed and cross bridges form

A

Contraction period

88
Q

Also last thing 10 to 100 m sec calcium ion is actively transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum myosin binding sites are covered by Tropomyosin myosin heads detach from Actin and tension in the muscle fiber decreases

A

Relaxation period

89
Q

The period of lost excitability

A

Refractory period

90
Q

When a second stimulus occurs after the refractory period of the first stimulus is over but before The skeletal muscle fiber has relaxed the second contraction Will actually be stronger than the first this phenomenon in which stimuli arriving at different times cause large contractions

A

Wave summation

91
Q

Wavering contraction

A

Unfused

92
Q

Rigid tense

A

Tetanus

93
Q

When a skeletal muscle fiber is stimulated at a higher rate of 80 to 100 times per second it does not relax at all the result is?
A sustained contraction which individual twitches cannot be detected

A

Fused tetanus

94
Q

The process in which the number of active motor units increases typically the different motor units of an entire muscle are not stimulated to contract in unison

A

Motor unit recruitment

95
Q

Is the workout regiment that incorporates both types of training example alternating sprints with jogging

A

Interval training

96
Q

A small amount of taughtness

or tension in the muscle due to weak involuntary contractions of it’s motor units

A

Muscle tone

97
Q

When the motor neurons serving a skeletal muscle are damaged or cut the muscles become?
State of limpness in which muscle tone is lost

A

Flaccid

98
Q

The tension developed in the muscle remains almost constant while the muscle changes its length

A

Isotonic contraction

99
Q

Is great enough to overcome the resistance off the object to be moved the muscle shortens and pulls on another structure such as tendon to produce movement into reduce the angle at a joint

A

Con centric iso tonic contraction

100
Q

When the length of a muscle increases during a contraction

A

eccentric isotonic contraction

101
Q

Measure or length the tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance off the object to be moved and the muscle does not change in length

A

Isometric contraction

102
Q

A regulatory proteins that bind to Calcium ion in the cytosol

A

Calmodulin

103
Q

Two types of smooth muscle tissue

A

Visceral single unit found in the skin and in tubular arrangements that form part of the walls of small arteries and veins and of hollow organs
Multi unit small muscle tissue consists of individual fibers each with its own motor neuron terminals and with a few gap junctions between neighboring fibers

104
Q

Various filaments have no regular pattern of overlap smooth muscle fibers do not exhibit striations causing a smooth appearance smooth muscle fibers also lack transverse tubules and have a small amount ofSR for storage of Ca2+

A

Intermediate filaments

105
Q

The thin filaments attach to structures

A

Dense bodies

106
Q

All muscles of the body are derived from

A

Mesoderm

107
Q

Columns of mesoderm undergo segmentation into a series of cube shaped structures

A

Somites

108
Q

Three regions of somite

A

Myotome forms the skeletal muscle
Dermatome form the connective tissue
Sclerotome gives rise to the vertebrae

109
Q

Increase in the number of fibers

A

Hyperplasia

110
Q

Stem cells found in association with blood capillaries and small veins

A

Pericytes

111
Q

Protein found only in muscles? Binds oxygen molecules that diffuse into muscle fibers from interstitial fluid? Releases oxygen when it is needed by the mitochondria for ATP production

A

Myoglobin

Biology (8 decks)

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