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Biology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Control center for registering sensations correlating them with one another which stored information decision making taking actions center for intellect emotions behavior in memory directs behavior towards others

A

Brain

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2
Q

Control center of the human body

A

Brain

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3
Q

Develop from Ectodermal neural tube

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Constrictions in the expanded neural tube create three regions called

A

Primary brain vesicles

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5
Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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6
Q

Prosencephalon and Rhombencephalon subdivide forming

A

Secondary brain vesicles

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7
Q

Forebrain, gives rise to the telencephalon and diencephalon

A

Prosencephalon

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8
Q

Hindbrain develops into the metencephalon and MyelenCephalon

A

RhombenCephalon

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9
Q

Five secondary brain vesicles

A 
Telencephalon
 Diencephalon
 Mesencephalon 
metencephalon 
Myelencephalon
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10
Q

Develops into the cerebrum and lateral ventricles

A

Telencephalon

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11
Q

Forms the thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus and third ventricle

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

Also called the midbrain gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct off the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

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13
Q

Becomes the pons cerebellum and upper part of the fourth ventricle

A

Metencephalon

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14
Q

Forms the medulla oblongata and lower part of the fourth ventricle

A

Myelencephalon

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15
Q

Fluid filled space

A

Ventricles

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16
Q

Walls of brain regions develop into

A

Nervous tissue

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17
Q

Hollow interior of the tube is transformed into

A

Various ventricles

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18
Q

Becomes prominent in head development

A

Expanded neural crest tissue

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19
Q

Major parts of the brain

A

Brain Stem
cerebellum
Cerebrum
Diencephalon

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20
Q

Is continues with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons in midbrain

A

Brain stem

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21
Q

Posterior to the brainstem

A

Cerebellum

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22
Q

Superior to the brainstem

A

Diencephalon

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23
Q

Consists of the thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

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24
Q

Supported on the diencephalon and brainstem

A

Cerebrum

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25
Q

Largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

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26
Q

Surround and protect the brain

A

Cranium and cranial meninges

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27
Q

Continues with the spinal meninges

A

Cranial meninges

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28
Q

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

A

Cranial meninges

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29
Q

Has 2 layers

A

Cranial dura mater

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30
Q

Has only one layer

A

Spinal dura Mater

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31
Q

The 2 dural layers are called

A 
Periosteal layer (external)
Meningeal layer (internal)
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32
Q

Drains venous blood from the brain and deliver it into the internal jugular veins

A

Endothelial lined venous channel

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33
Q

Three extensions of the Dura Mater separates parts of the brain

A 
Falx cerebri (separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum 
Falx cerebelli (separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
Tentorium cerebelli (separates ten cerebrum from the cerebellum
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34
Q

Blood flows to the brain mainly via the

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

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35
Q

To bring represents only 2% of total body weight but consumes about 20% of

A

Oxygen and glucose used by the body even when resting

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36
Q

Neurons synthesize ATP almost exclusively from

A

Glucose via reactions that use oxygen

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37
Q

When activity of neurons and neuroglia increases in a region of the brain bloodflow to that area also

A

Increases

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38
Q

A brief slowing of brain bloodflow may cause

A

This orientation or lack of consciousness

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39
Q

Interruption in bloodflow for a minute or two impairs

A

Neuronal function

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40
Q

Total deprivation of oxygen for about four minutes causes

A

Permanent injury

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41
Q

If blood entering the brain has a low level of glucose

A

Mental confusion dizziness: convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur

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42
Q

Characterize by seizure, and possibly death

A

Diabetic shock

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43
Q

Consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the Endothelia cells of brain blood capillaries and a thick membrane surrounding the capillaries

A

Blood brain barrier

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44
Q

One type of neuroglia

A

Astrocytes

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45
Q

Protect cells from some toxins and pathogens proteins and antibiotics cannot pass but alcohol and anesthetics do

A

Blood brain barrier

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46
Q

The process of many astrocytes press up against the capillaries and secrete chemicals maintain the

A

Permeability characteristics of the tight junction

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47
Q

Water-soluble substances

A

Glucose

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48
Q

Proteins and most antibiotic drugs do not pass at all from the

A

Blood into brain tissue

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49
Q

Lipid soluble substances such as oxygen carbon dioxide alcohol and most anesthetic agents are able to

A

Access brain tissue freely

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50
Q

Cause of breakdown of the blood brain barrier

A

Trauma certain toxins and inflammation

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51
Q

The brain is protected by

A

Cranial bones and cranial meninges

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52
Q

Clear colorless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries it also carries small amounts of oxygen glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia

A

CSF

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53
Q

Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord and around the brain and spinal cord in the sub arachnoid space

A

CSF

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54
Q

Total volume of CSF

A

80 to 150 ML or 3 to 5 ounces

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55
Q

Contains small amounts of glucose proteins lactic acid urea cations and anions also contains some white blood cells

A

CSF

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56
Q

Separated by a thin membrane called septum pellucidum

A

Lateral ventricles

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57
Q

For CSF filled cavities within the brain

A

Lateral ventricle- one in each hemisphere
third ventricle - narrow slitlike cavity along the Midline superior to hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus
fourth ventricle- lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum

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58
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Mechanical protection serves as a shock absorbing medium that protects the delicate issues of the brain and spinal cord floats brain and softens impact with bony walls
Chemical production optimal ionic concentration for action potential also serves as a transport system for poly peptide hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons that act after remote sites in the brain
Circulation- CSF is a medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the adjacent nervous tissue

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59
Q

Capillaries covered by ependymal cell

2 lateral ventricles one within each cerebral hemisphere roof of third ventricle fourth ventricle

A

Choroid plexus

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60
Q

Formed mainly by tight junctions of brain capillaries endothelial cells

A

Blood brain barrier

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61
Q

Formed by tight junctions of ependymal cells

A

Blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier

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62
Q

Networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles

A

Choroid plexuses

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63
Q

Allow CS after exit from the interior of the brain

A

One median aperture and 2 lateral apertures

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64
Q

Narrow oval openings

A

Inter-ventricular foramina

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65
Q

Flow of CSF

A

1 choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle flows into the third ventricle through interventricular foramina
2 more CSF is added by choroid plexus I the roof of the third ventricle
3 fluid flows through aqueduct of the midbrain
Passes thru midbrain into fourth ventricle
4 the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle contributes more CSF
5 CSF enters the subarachnoid space through 3 openings in the roof of the fourth ventricleAsingle median aperture and paired lateral apertures 1 on each side
6 CSF circulates in the central Canal of the spinal cord in the sub arachnoid space around the surface of the brain and spinal cord
7 CSF gradually reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid villi fingerlike extensions of arachnoid matter project into the dural venous sinusesespecially the superior sagittal sinus

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66
Q

Cluster of arachnoid villi

A

Arachnoid granulation

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67
Q

Grape like clusters of arachnoid penetrate

A

Dural venous sinus

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68
Q

The rate for CFC is F is absorbed as it is formed by the choroid plexuses

A

20 ML per hour 480 ML per day

Read information and rip service in the same pressure of CSF normally is constant volume of CSF remains constant

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69
Q

Excess CSF accumulation in the ventricles CSF pressure rises elevated CSF pressure causes

A

Hydrocephalus

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70
Q

Procedure to drain excess CSF

A

Endoscopic third ventri colostomy

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71
Q

Part of the brain between the spinal cord and the diencephalon

A

Brainstem

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72
Q

Continuous with the superior part of the spinal cord forms in for your part of the brainstem begins at the foramina magnum and extends to the inferior border of the ponds a distance of about three CM

A

Medulla oblongata

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73
Q

Contains all sensory sending checks and motor descending tracts extend between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain

A

Medulla s white matter

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74
Q

Protrusions on the anterior aspect of the Medulla. Form by large corticospinal tracts that pass from the cerebrum to the spinal cord. Cortico spinal tracts control voluntary movements of limbs and trying

A

Pyramids

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75
Q

Superior to the junction of medulla with spinal cord 90% of axons in the left. Cross right side 90% of axons in right pyramid cross to the left side the crossing is called

A

Decussation of pyramids

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76
Q

Contains several nuclei

A

Medulla

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77
Q

Regulates the rate and force of heartbeat in diameter a blood vessel

A

Cardiovascular center

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78
Q

Adjust the basic rhythm of breathing

A

Medullary respiratory center

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79
Q

Nuclei in the medulla also control reflexes for vomiting swallowing sneezing coughing and hiccuping

A

Vomiting center

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80
Q

Swallowing of a mass of food that has moved from the oral cavity of the mouth into the pharynx

A

Deglutition

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81
Q

Lateral to each pyramid is an oval-shaped swelling

A

Olive

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82
Q

Receives input from the cerebral cortex red nucleus of the mid brain and spinal cord located with in the Olive

A

Inferior Olivary nucleus

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83
Q

Extend the axons into the cerebellum where they regulate activity of cerebral neurons

A

Neurons of the inferior olivarynucleus

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84
Q

Nuclei associated with sensations of touch pressure, vibration and conscious Proproception are located in the

A

Posterior part of the medulla

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85
Q

Two tracks in the posterior columns of the spinal cord that form synapses in this nuclei

A 
Cuneate nucleus (wedge )
Gracile nucleus (slender ) left and right nuclei
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86
Q

Relay the sensory information to the thalamus on the opposite side of brain

A

Post synaptic neuron

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87
Q

Axons ascends to the thalamus in a band of white matter called

A

Medial leminiscus

Extends through the medulla pons and mid brain

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88
Q

Collectively known as posterior column medial leminiscus pathway

A

Tracts of the posterior column and axons of the medial leminiscus

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89
Q

Five cranial nerves arise from medulla

A

8 thru 12

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90
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Nucleus gracillis and nucleus cuneatus

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91
Q

Contains nuclei that are components of sensory pathways for gustation audition and equilibrium

A

Medulla

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92
Q

Part of the gustatory pathway from the tongue to the taste buds of tongue

A

Gustatory nucleus

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93
Q

Part of auditory pathway from the inner ear to the brain receives auditory input from the cochlea of the inner ear

A

Cochlear nuclei

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94
Q

Of the medulla and pons are composed of the equilibrium pathway from the inner ear to the brain they receive sensory information associated with equilibrium from prior through proprioceptors in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

A

Vestibular nuclei

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95
Q

Medulla contains nuclei associated with five pairs of cranial nerves

A

Vestibulo cochlear nerves -convey impulses related to hearing
Glossopharyngeal nerves -motor impulses related to taste swallowing salivation
Vagus nerves -sensory impulses form and provide Motor impulses to the pharynx and larynx’s and thoracic and abdominal viscera via vagus
Accessory nerves this fibers are actually part of the Vegas nerves -nuclei in the medulla are the origin of nerve impulses the control swallowing via the Vegas nerve
Hypoglossal nerve- nuclei in medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that control tongue movements during speech and swallowing via hypoglossal nerves

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96
Q

Lies directly superior to the medulla and inferior to the cerebellum and is about 2.5 CM long

A

Pons

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97
Q

Like the medulla it consists of both nuclei and tracts.Is the bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another these connections are provided by bundles of axons. Some axons of the pons connect the right and left sides of the cerebellum other parts others are part of ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts.

A

Pons

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98
Q

Two major structural components of pons

A

Ventral region and dorsal region
ventral region forms large synoptic relay station consisting of scattered gray centers called Pontine nuclei
Dorsal region more like the other region of the brain stem the medulla and midbrain. Contains ascending and descending tracts along with the nuclei of cranial nerves

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99
Q

Together with the medullary respiratory center this group helps control breathing

A

Pontine respiratory group

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100
Q

Pons also contains nuclei associated with the four pairs of cranial nerves

A

Trigeminal nerve’s -nuclei in the pons receives sensory impulses for somatic sensations from the head and face and provide motor impulses that govern chewing via the trigeminal nerve’s
Abducens nerve- nuclei in the pons provide motor impulses that control Eye ball movement via abducens nerve
Facial nerves -nuclei in the pons receive sensory impulses for taste and provide motor impulses to regulate secretion of saliva tears and contraction of muscles of facial expression via the facial nerves
Vestibulocochlear nerves nuclei in the ponds receives sensory impulses from and provide motor impulses to Vestibular apparatus via the vestibulocochlear nerves this nerves convey involves related to balance and equilibrium

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101
Q

Portion of the central nervous system contained with in the cranium. Has a mass of about 1300 g almost 3 pounds in adults on average each neuron forms 1000 synapses with other neurons total number of synapses since about 1000 trillion is larger than the number of stars in our galaxy. Contributes to homeostasis by receiving sensory input integrating new and stored information making decisions and executing responses to motor activities

A

Brain

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102
Q

Control center for registering sensations correlating them with one another which stored information decision making taking actions center for intellect emotions behavior in memory directs behavior towards others

A

Brain

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103
Q

Control center of the human body

A

Brain

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104
Q

Develop from Ectodermal neural tube

A

Brain and spinal cord

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105
Q

Constrictions in the expanded neural tube create three regions called

A

Primary brain vesicles

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106
Q

Three primary brain vesicles

A

Prosencephalon
Mesencephalon
Rhombencephalon

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107
Q

Prosencephalon and Rhombencephalon subdivide forming

A

Secondary brain vesicles

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108
Q

Forebrain, gives rise to the telencephalon and diencephalon

A

Prosencephalon

109
Q

Hindbrain develops into the metencephalon and MyelenCephalon

A

RhombenCephalon

110
Q

Five secondary brain vesicles

A 
Telencephalon
 Diencephalon
 Mesencephalon 
metencephalon 
Myelencephalon
111
Q

Develops into the cerebrum and lateral ventricles

A

Telencephalon

112
Q

Forms the thalamus hypothalamus epithalamus and third ventricle

A

Diencephalon

113
Q

Also called the midbrain gives rise to the midbrain and aqueduct off the midbrain

A

Mesencephalon

114
Q

Becomes the pons cerebellum and upper part of the fourth ventricle

A

Metencephalon

115
Q

Forms the medulla oblongata and lower part of the fourth ventricle

A

Myelencephalon

116
Q

Fluid filled space

A

Ventricles

117
Q

Walls of brain regions develop into

A

Nervous tissue

118
Q

Hollow interior of the tube is transformed into

A

Various ventricles

119
Q

Becomes prominent in head development

A

Expanded neural crest tissue

120
Q

Major parts of the brain

A

Brain Stem
cerebellum
Cerebrum
Diencephalon

121
Q

Is continues with the spinal cord and consists of the medulla oblongata, pons in midbrain

A

Brain stem

122
Q

Posterior to the brainstem

A

Cerebellum

123
Q

Superior to the brainstem

A

Diencephalon

124
Q

Consists of the thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus

A

Diencephalon

125
Q

Supported on the diencephalon and brainstem

A

Cerebrum

126
Q

Largest part of the brain

A

Cerebrum

127
Q

Surround and protect the brain

A

Cranium and cranial meninges

128
Q

Continues with the spinal meninges

A

Cranial meninges

129
Q

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

A

Cranial meninges

130
Q

Has 2 layers

A

Cranial dura mater

131
Q

Has only one layer

A

Spinal dura Mater

132
Q

The 2 dural layers are called

A 
Periosteal layer (external)
Meningeal layer (internal)
133
Q

Drains venous blood from the brain and deliver it into the internal jugular veins

A

Endothelial lined venous channel

134
Q

Three extensions of the Dura Mater separates parts of the brain

A 
Falx cerebri (separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebrum 
Falx cerebelli (separates the 2 hemispheres of the cerebellum
Tentorium cerebelli (separates ten cerebrum from the cerebellum
135
Q

Blood flows to the brain mainly via the

A

Internal carotid and vertebral arteries

136
Q

To bring represents only 2% of total body weight but consumes about 20% of

A

Oxygen and glucose used by the body even when resting

137
Q

Neurons synthesize ATP almost exclusively from

A

Glucose via reactions that use oxygen

138
Q

When activity of neurons and neuroglia increases in a region of the brain bloodflow to that area also

A

Increases

139
Q

A brief slowing of brain bloodflow may cause

A

This orientation or lack of consciousness

140
Q

Interruption in bloodflow for a minute or two impairs

A

Neuronal function

141
Q

Total deprivation of oxygen for about four minutes causes

A

Permanent injury

142
Q

If blood entering the brain has a low level of glucose

A

Mental confusion dizziness: convulsions and loss of consciousness may occur

143
Q

Characterize by seizure, and possibly death

A

Diabetic shock

144
Q

Consists mainly of tight junctions that seal together the Endothelia cells of brain blood capillaries and a thick membrane surrounding the capillaries

A

Blood brain barrier

145
Q

One type of neuroglia

A

Astrocytes

146
Q

Protect cells from some toxins and pathogens proteins and antibiotics cannot pass but alcohol and anesthetics do

A

Blood brain barrier

147
Q

The process of many astrocytes press up against the capillaries and secrete chemicals maintain the

A

Permeability characteristics of the tight junction

148
Q

Water-soluble substances

A

Glucose

149
Q

Proteins and most antibiotic drugs do not pass at all from the

A

Blood into brain tissue

150
Q

Lipid soluble substances such as oxygen carbon dioxide alcohol and most anesthetic agents are able to

A

Access brain tissue freely

151
Q

Cause of breakdown of the blood brain barrier

A

Trauma certain toxins and inflammation

152
Q

The brain is protected by

A

Cranial bones and cranial meninges

153
Q

Clear colorless liquid composed primarily of water that protects the brain and spinal cord from chemical and physical injuries it also carries small amounts of oxygen glucose and other needed chemicals from the blood to neurons and neuroglia

A

CSF

154
Q

Continuously circulates through cavities in the brain and spinal cord and around the brain and spinal cord in the sub arachnoid space

A

CSF

155
Q

Total volume of CSF

A

80 to 150 ML or 3 to 5 ounces

156
Q

Contains small amounts of glucose proteins lactic acid urea cations and anions also contains some white blood cells

A

CSF

157
Q

Separated by a thin membrane called septum pellucidum

A

Lateral ventricles

158
Q

For CSF filled cavities within the brain

A

Lateral ventricle- one in each hemisphere
third ventricle - narrow slitlike cavity along the Midline superior to hypothalamus and between the right and left halves of the thalamus
fourth ventricle- lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum

159
Q

Functions of CSF

A

Mechanical protection serves as a shock absorbing medium that protects the delicate issues of the brain and spinal cord floats brain and softens impact with bony walls
Chemical production optimal ionic concentration for action potential also serves as a transport system for poly peptide hormones secreted by hypothalamic neurons that act after remote sites in the brain
Circulation- CSF is a medium for minor exchange of nutrients and waste products between the blood and the adjacent nervous tissue

160
Q

Capillaries covered by ependymal cell

2 lateral ventricles one within each cerebral hemisphere roof of third ventricle fourth ventricle

A

Choroid plexus

161
Q

Formed mainly by tight junctions of brain capillaries endothelial cells

A

Blood brain barrier

162
Q

Formed by tight junctions of ependymal cells

A

Blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier

163
Q

Networks of blood capillaries in the walls of the ventricles

A

Choroid plexuses

164
Q

Allow CS after exit from the interior of the brain

A

One median aperture and 2 lateral apertures

165
Q

Narrow oval openings

A

Inter-ventricular foramina

166
Q

Flow of CSF

A

1 choroid plexuses of each lateral ventricle flows into the third ventricle through interventricular foramina
2 more CSF is added by choroid plexus I the roof of the third ventricle
3 fluid flows through aqueduct of the midbrain
Passes thru midbrain into fourth ventricle
4 the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle contributes more CSF
5 CSF enters the subarachnoid space through 3 openings in the roof of the fourth ventricleAsingle median aperture and paired lateral apertures 1 on each side
6 CSF circulates in the central Canal of the spinal cord in the sub arachnoid space around the surface of the brain and spinal cord
7 CSF gradually reabsorbed into the blood through arachnoid villi fingerlike extensions of arachnoid matter project into the dural venous sinusesespecially the superior sagittal sinus

167
Q

Cluster of arachnoid villi

A

Arachnoid granulation

168
Q

Grape like clusters of arachnoid penetrate

A

Dural venous sinus

169
Q

The rate for CFC is F is absorbed as it is formed by the choroid plexuses

A

20 ML per hour 480 ML per day

Read information and rip service in the same pressure of CSF normally is constant volume of CSF remains constant

170
Q

Excess CSF accumulation in the ventricles CSF pressure rises elevated CSF pressure causes

A

Hydrocephalus

171
Q

Procedure to drain excess CSF

A

Endoscopic third ventri colostomy

172
Q

Part of the brain between the spinal cord and the diencephalon

A

Brainstem

173
Q

Continuous with the superior part of the spinal cord forms in for your part of the brainstem begins at the foramina magnum and extends to the inferior border of the ponds a distance of about three CM

A

Medulla oblongata

174
Q

Contains all sensory sending checks and motor descending tracts extend between the spinal cord and other parts of the brain

A

Medulla s white matter

175
Q

Protrusions on the anterior aspect of the Medulla. Form by large corticospinal tracts that pass from the cerebrum to the spinal cord. Cortico spinal tracts control voluntary movements of limbs and trying

A

Pyramids

176
Q

Superior to the junction of medulla with spinal cord 90% of axons in the left. Cross right side 90% of axons in right pyramid cross to the left side the crossing is called

A

Decussation of pyramids

177
Q

Contains several nuclei

A

Medulla

178
Q

Regulates the rate and force of heartbeat in diameter a blood vessel

A

Cardiovascular center

179
Q

Adjust the basic rhythm of breathing

A

Medullary respiratory center

180
Q

Nuclei in the medulla also control reflexes for vomiting swallowing sneezing coughing and hiccuping

A

Vomiting center

181
Q

Swallowing of a mass of food that has moved from the oral cavity of the mouth into the pharynx

A

Deglutition

182
Q

Lateral to each pyramid is an oval-shaped swelling

A

Olive

183
Q

Receives input from the cerebral cortex red nucleus of the mid brain and spinal cord located with in the Olive

A

Inferior Olivary nucleus

184
Q

Extend the axons into the cerebellum where they regulate activity of cerebral neurons

A

Neurons of the inferior olivarynucleus

185
Q

Nuclei associated with sensations of touch pressure, vibration and conscious Proproception are located in the

A

Posterior part of the medulla

186
Q

Two tracks in the posterior columns of the spinal cord that form synapses in this nuclei

A 
Cuneate nucleus (wedge )
Gracile nucleus (slender ) left and right nuclei
187
Q

Relay the sensory information to the thalamus on the opposite side of brain

A

Post synaptic neuron

188
Q

Axons ascends to the thalamus in a band of white matter called

A

Medial leminiscus

Extends through the medulla pons and mid brain

189
Q

Collectively known as posterior column medial leminiscus pathway

A

Tracts of the posterior column and axons of the medial leminiscus

190
Q

Five cranial nerves arise from medulla

A

8 thru 12

191
Q

Sensory neurons

A

Nucleus gracillis and nucleus cuneatus

192
Q

Contains nuclei that are components of sensory pathways for gustation audition and equilibrium

A

Medulla

193
Q

Part of the gustatory pathway from the tongue to the taste buds of tongue

A

Gustatory nucleus

194
Q

Part of auditory pathway from the inner ear to the brain receives auditory input from the cochlea of the inner ear

A

Cochlear nuclei

195
Q

Of the medulla and pons are composed of the equilibrium pathway from the inner ear to the brain they receive sensory information associated with equilibrium from prior through proprioceptors in the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear

A

Vestibular nuclei

196
Q

Medulla contains nuclei associated with five pairs of cranial nerves

A

Vestibulo cochlear nerves -convey impulses related to hearing
Glossopharyngeal nerves -motor impulses related to taste swallowing salivation
Vagus nerves -sensory impulses form and provide Motor impulses to the pharynx and larynx’s and thoracic and abdominal viscera via vagus
Accessory nerves this fibers are actually part of the Vegas nerves -nuclei in the medulla are the origin of nerve impulses the control swallowing via the Vegas nerve
Hypoglossal nerve- nuclei in medulla are the origin for nerve impulses that control tongue movements during speech and swallowing via hypoglossal nerves

197
Q

Lies directly superior to the medulla and inferior to the cerebellum and is about 2.5 CM long

A

Pons

198
Q

Like the medulla it consists of both nuclei and tracts.Is the bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another these connections are provided by bundles of axons. Some axons of the pons connect the right and left sides of the cerebellum other parts others are part of ascending sensory tracts and descending motor tracts.

A

Pons

199
Q

Two major structural components of pons

A

Ventral region and dorsal region
ventral region forms large synoptic relay station consisting of scattered gray centers called Pontine nuclei
Dorsal region more like the other region of the brain stem the medulla and midbrain. Contains ascending and descending tracts along with the nuclei of cranial nerves

200
Q

Together with the medullary respiratory center this group helps control breathing

A

Pontine respiratory group

201
Q

Pons also contains nuclei associated with the four pairs of cranial nerves

A

Trigeminal nerve’s -nuclei in the pons receives sensory impulses for somatic sensations from the head and face and provide motor impulses that govern chewing via the trigeminal nerve’s
Abducens nerve- nuclei in the pons provide motor impulses that control Eye ball movement via abducens nerve
Facial nerves -nuclei in the pons receive sensory impulses for taste and provide motor impulses to regulate secretion of saliva tears and contraction of muscles of facial expression via the facial nerves
Vestibulocochlear nerves nuclei in the ponds receives sensory impulses from and provide motor impulses to Vestibular apparatus via the vestibulocochlear nerves this nerves convey involves related to balance and equilibrium

202
Q

Portion of the central nervous system contained with in the cranium. Has a mass of about 1300 g almost 3 pounds in adults on average each neuron forms 1000 synapses with other neurons total number of synapses since about 1000 trillion is larger than the number of stars in our galaxy. Contributes to homeostasis by receiving sensory input integrating new and stored information making decisions and executing responses to motor activities

A

Brain

203
Q

Medulla consists of 5 cranial nerves

A

Vestibulocochlear- hearing
Glossopharyngeal - taste, swallowing. Salivation
Vagus- motor impulses to pharynx larynx thoracic and abdominal viscera
Accessory- fibers part of vagus control swallowing
Hypogossal- control tongue movement during speech and swallowing

204
Q

Pons contain nuclei associated with 4 pairs of cranial nerves

A

Trigeminal impulses for somatic sensations from head and face govern chewing
abducens nerves control Eye ball movement
Facial nerves regulate secretion of saliva in tears and contraction of muscles of facial expression
Vestibulocochlear learners nerves convey impulses related to balance and equilibrium

205
Q

Extends from the ponds to the diencephalon about an inch long
Contains nuclei and tracts the aqueduct of the midbrain passes through the midbrain connecting the third ventricle above and the fourth ventricle below

A

Mid brain or mesenCephalon

206
Q

Inferior part of the midbrain that contains paired bundles of axons which conduct nerve impulses from motor areas in the cerebral cortex to spinal cord medulla and pons respectively
Cluster of motor and sensory fibers

A

Cerebral peduncles

207
Q

Posterior part of the midbrain contains four rounded elevations to superior elevations nuclei known as the superior call Colliculi that serves as reflex centers for certain visual activities and to inferior elevations the inferior colliculi part of the auditory part pathway. Relaying impulses for the receptors for hearing in the inner to the brain

A

Tectum

208
Q

Inferior and superior colliculi are two nuclei also reflex centers for the

A

Startle reflex meaning sudden movements of had ice trunk that occur when you’re surprised by loud noise such as gunshot

209
Q

The midbrain contains several other nuclei including the left and right

A

Substantia nigra - large and darkly pigmented substance

210
Q

Helps control subconscious muscle activities

A

Neurons that release dopamine extending from the substantia nigra to the basal nuclei

211
Q

Help control sub subconscious muscle activity

A

Substantia nigra

212
Q

Rich blood supply and iron containing pigment cortex and cerebellum coordinate muscular movements by sending information here from the cortex and cerebellum

A

Red nucleus

213
Q

Superior and inferior colliculi coordinate Eye movements with visual stimuli coordinate head movements with auditory stimuli

A

Corpora quadrigemina

214
Q

Superior oblique Eye muscle

A

Trochlear nerve

215
Q

Mid brain associated with two pairs of cranial nerves

A

Oculo motor nerves provide motor control to smooth muscles regulate constriction of the pupil and changes shape of the lens.provide motor impulses that control movements of the eyeball
Trochlear nerve’s provide impulse control movements of the eyeball

216
Q

Brainstem consist of small clusters of neuronal cell bodies or gray matter in thirst bed among some small bundles of

A

Myelinated axons white matter

217
Q

Broad region were white Mater and gray Mater exhibit a netlike arrangement. Scattered nuclei and medulla pons and midbrain reticular activity system alerts Cerebral cortex to sensory signals to awaken from sleep maintains consciousness and helps keep you awake with stimuli from ears eyes skin and muscle motor function is involvementwith maintaining muscle tone

A

Reticular formation

218
Q

4 extrinsic eye muscle 2 intrinsic eye muscle accommodation for near vision construction of pupil

A

Occulomotor nerve

219
Q

Raises eyelids (ptosis)

A

Levator palpebrae

220
Q

Most important function of RAS

A

Consciousness a state of wakefulness in which an individual is for the alert aware and oriented

221
Q

Activities that can stimulate the R a S to help maintain consciousness

A

Visual and auditory stimuli and mental activities

222
Q

Also active during a arousal or awakening from sleep.
Helps maintain attention and alertness prevents sensory overload by filtering out in significant information so that it does not reach consciousness

A

R a S

223
Q

Produces sleep state of partial consciousness from which an individual can be aroused

A

In activation of the R a S

224
Q

Damage to our RAS can result to

A

ComaI stayed off on consciousness from which an individual cannot be aroused

225
Q

In the lightest stages of coma bring stem and spinal cord reflexes persist but in the deepest states even does reflexes are lost and if respiratory and cardiovascular controls are lost

A

Patient dies

226
Q

Drugs that affect the R a S by helping induce sleep in general anesthetics turn off consciousness via the R a S

A

Drugs such as melatonin

227
Q

Slight degree of involuntary contraction in normal resting skeletal muscles

A

Muscle tone

228
Q

Even though RAS receives input from the eyes ears and other sensory receptors there is no

A

Input from receptors for The sense of smell even strong odors may fail to cause arousal

229
Q

Also assist in the regulation of heart rate blood pressure and respiratory rate

A

R a S

230
Q

To cerebellar hemispheres and vermis which is the central area

Correct voluntary muscle contraction and posture based on sensory data from body about actual movements sense of equilibrium

A

Cerebellum

231
Q

Second only to the cerebrum incise occupies the inferior and posterior aspects of the cranial cavity highly folded surface that greatly increases the surface area of its outer gray matter cortex allowing for a greater number of neurons accounts for about a 10th of the brain mass contains half of the neurons in the brain

A

Cerebellum

232
Q

Posterior to the medulla and pons and inferior to the posterior portion of the cerebrum

A

Cerebellum

233
Q

Supports the posterior part of the cerebrum separates the cerebellum from the cerebrum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

transverse fissure - deep groove

234
Q

Cerebellar cortex and Folia and central nuclei

A

Gray matter

235
Q

Arbor vitae, tree of life

A

White matter

236
Q

Central constricted area

A

Vermis or worm

237
Q

Lateral wings or lobes

A

Cerebellar hemispheres

238
Q

Govern subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movements

A

Anterior and posterior lobe

239
Q

they inferior surface contributes to equilibrium and balance

A

Flocculonodular lobe

240
Q

Superficial layer of the cerebellum called cerebellar cortex consist of gray matter in a series of slender parallel folds called

A

Folia

241
Q

Regions of gray matter that give rise to Axons carrying impulses from the cerebellum to other brain centers

A

Cerebellar nuclei

242
Q

Attach the cerebellum to the brainstem bundles of white matter consists of axons that conduct impulses between the cerebellum and other parts of the brain

A

Cerebellar peduncles

243
Q

Contains axons that extend from the cerebellum to the red nuclei of the midbrain into several nuclei of the thalamus

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle’s

244
Q

Largest peduncles axons carry impulses for voluntary movements from the Pontine nuclei into the cerebellum

A

Middle cerebellar peduncles

245
Q

Carries motor fibers that extend to motor control areas

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle’s

246
Q

Surrounds third ventricle Superior part of walls is the thalamus inferior part of walls and floor is the hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

247
Q

Locate is superior to the midbrain and contains nuclei that serves as relates stations for all sensory impulses except for Smell to the cerebral cortex
Seven major groups of thalamic nuclei on each side
They are the anterior nucleus medial nuclei lateral group ventral group intralaminar nuclei midline nucleus and reticular nucleus
Registers conscious recognition of pain and temperature and some awareness of light touch and pressure
plays an
essential role in awareness and acquisition of knowledge

A

Thalamus

248
Q

One inch long mass of gray matter in each half brain connect across the third ventricle by intermediate mass relay station for sensory information on the way to cortex crude perception of some sensations

A

Thalamus

249
Q

Nuclei have different roles relays auditory and visual impulses taste and somatic sensations receives impulses from cerebellum or basal ganglia interior nucleus concerned with emotions memory and acquisition of knowledge

A

Thalamic nuclei

250
Q

Inferior to the thalamus for major regions
Mamillary ,Tuberal ,supraoptic and pre-optic
Controls many body activities and is one of the major regulators of homeostasis functions controls the ANS produces hormones functions in regulation of emotional and behavioral patterns regulates eating drinkingthrough the feeding center satiety center and thirst center aids in controlling body temperature regulates circadian rhythms and states of consciousness

A

Hypothalamus

251
Q

Major regulatory of homeostasis receive somatic and visceral input taste smell hearing information monitors osmotic pressure
temperature of blood
Dozen or so nuclei in for major regions mammillary bodies are relay station for olfactory reflexes infundibulum suspend the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

252
Q

Lies superior and posterior to the thalamus and contains the penial gland and the habenular
nuclei

A

Epithalamus

253
Q

Secretes melatonin to instill when’s the diurnal cycles in conjunction with the hypothalamus

A

Pineal gland

254
Q

Involved in olfactions specially emotional responses to odors

A

Habenular nuclei

255
Q

Endocrine gland the size of a small Pea secretes melatonin during darkness promotes sleepiness and sets biological clock

A

Pineal gland

256
Q

Parts of diencephalon are called

A

Circumventricular organs- Lie in the wall of the third ventricle can Montador chemical changes in the blood they lack blood brain barrier

257
Q

Include part of the hypothalamus pineal gland pituitary gland and few other nearby Nearby structures these regions coordinate homeostatic activities of the nervous system such as the regulation of blood pressure fluid balance hunger and thirst are also thought to be decides of entry into the brain of HIV the virus this causes AIDS

A

Circumventricular organs

258
Q

Lies immediately inferior to the thalamus includes tracts and paired Subthalmic nuclei which connect to motor areas of the cerebrum
Sub thalamic nuclei and red nucleus and substantian nigra of the midbrain work together with the basal ganglia cerebellum and cerebrum in control of body movements

A

Sub thalamus

259
Q

The largest part of the brain the surface layer the cerebral cortex is 2-4 mm thick composed of gray matter contains billions of neurons
Cortex contain gyri, deep grooves called Fissures and shallower sulci
Beneath the cortex lies the cerebral white matter tracts that connects parts of the brain with itself and other parts of the nervous system newly separated into the right and left halves called hemispheres to the longtitudinal fissure internally remains connected by the corpus callosum - bundle of transverse
white fibers

A

Cerebrum

260
Q

A commissure connecting left and right cerebral hemisphere

A

Corpus callosum

261
Q

Each cerebral hemisphere is further subdivided into four lobes by sulci and lobes

A

Frontal parietal temporal occipital

262
Q

Fifth part of the cerebrum lies deep to the parietal

frontal and temporal lobes and cannot be seen in an external view of the brain

A

Insula

263
Q 
Longitudinal fissure - green
Frontal lobe 
Central sulcus - yellow
- pre and post central gyrus
Parietal lobe
Parieto occipital sulcus
Occipital lobe
Lateral sulcus - blue
Temporal lobe 
Insula
A

Lobes in fissures

264
Q

Under the cortex and consist of myelinated axon’s running in three principal directions association fibers connect and transmit nerve impulses between gyri in the same hemisphere
Commissural fibers connect gyri in one cerebral hemisphere to the corresponding gyri in the opposite hemisphere projection fibers form ascending and descending tracts the transmit impulses from the cerebrum other parts of the brain and spinal cord

A

White matter

265
Q

. Masses of gray matter in each cerebral hemisphere connects to read nucleus substantia Nigra and sub thalamus input and output with cerebral cortex Salamis and hypothalamus control large automatic movements of skeletal muscles

A

Basal ganglia

266
Q

Known as the corpus striatum
Nearby structures functionally linked to the basal ganglia are the substantia nigra and subthalamic nuclei responsible for helping to control muscular movements

A

Lentiform and caudate

267
Q

Help Initiate and terminate cognitive processes obsessive compulsive disorder schizophrenia chronic anxiety are thought to involve dysfunction of the circuits between the basal ganglias and limbic system

A

Basal ganglia

268
Q

Damage to the basal ganglia’s result in

A

Tremor rigidity and involuntary muscle movements in Parkinson’s disease neurons from the substantia nigra to the putamen an caudate nucleus degenerate

Biology (8 decks)

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