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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Lose control of limbs, then trunk
Immune response after a viral infection
Reversible demyelinated

A

Guillain-Barre

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2
Q

Neuron at rest

A

Sodium and chlorine high outside the axolemma

Potassium and proteins high inside the axolemma

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3
Q

Resting potential of neuron

A

-70mV

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4
Q

How do we maintain unequal charge?

A

Channels

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5
Q

Sensory movement

A

Afferent divisions of PNS

10 million

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6
Q

Collect info, about internal body environment

A

Visceral sensory neurons

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7
Q

Collect info, about external environment and body position

A

Somatic sensory movement

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8
Q

Exterceptors

A

Monitor touch, pressure, temp. Sight, smell, hearing

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9
Q

Monitor joints and muscles

A

Proprioceptors

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10
Q

Monitor digestion, urinary, reproductive, pain, taste

A

Interceptors

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11
Q

Receptors deliver..

A

Info to the CNS for processin

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12
Q

Efferent division of PNS

Send directions from CNS to muscle and glands

A

Motor neurons

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13
Q

Smooth m., cardiac glands, fat

A

Visceral motor neurons

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14
Q

Skeletal m.

A

Somatic motor neurons

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15
Q

Most located in CNS-pyramidal and parkinje

20 billion in body

A

Interneurons

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16
Q

The middle men
A) distributes sensory info
B) coordinate motor signals- the more complex the action, more Interneurons we involved

A

Association cells

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17
Q

Most numerous in CNS
Directs growth of neurons
Composed of BBB

A

astrocytes

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18
Q

Make and circulate CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinate the CNS making internodes

Gaps in myelin called “modes of Ranvier”

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20
Q

Police force of CNS

Garbage chewers

A

Microglia

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21
Q

Monitor environment of cell

Like astrocytes in CNS by function

A

Satellite cells

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22
Q

Myelinated axons in PNS
Act like Oligos in CNS
Important in Wallerjam degeneration

A

Schwann cell

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23
Q

Passive, always open, maintains resting potential

A

Leak channels

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24
Q

Active, restores resting potential, ejects 3 NA+ for every 2 K+ brought in

A

NA/K ATPASE pump

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25
Active, open in response to stimulus. Changes the resting potential= depolarizers, repolarizes the cell
Gated channel
26
Occurs in most membranes Weak- diminishes w/ distance Depolarize, no threshold reached Usually does not turn into action potential unless received lad to axon hillock
Graded
27
``` Occurs in exciteable in cells Strong stimulus Excited the entire length of the cell Depolarize to threshold Action potential form ```
Action potential
28
Single synapse, repeated stimuli
Temporal summation
29
Spatial summation
Multiple synapses, stimulatianous stimuli
30
If threshold is reached, action potential will be generated and passed along axon
All or none principle
31
Differences in the speed of AP
Propagation
32
Unmyelinated axons, ap runs in small steps as signals continue to be repeated
Continuous
33
Myelinated axons, a.p. Signal conducts only at the nodes of Ranvier, leaping over the internodes
Saltatory
34
Largest diameter, myelinated ap travels over 300 mph
Type A fibers
35
Medium diameter, myelinated ap travels at 40 mph
Type B fibers
36
Smallest diameters, Unmyelinated, ap travels at 2 mph
Type C fibers
37
So we have an ap now what?
Release of neurotransmitter from synaptic bulb | NTs have ethier excitatory or inhibitory effects in body.
38
1st discovered, excitatory at NMJ
Acetylcholine
39
Inhibitory in motor cortex Prevents overstimulation of muscles Induces hyper polarization If receptors are destroyed then causes ridged/ stiff muscles
Dopamine
40
Receptors are destroyed then causes rigid / stuff muscles
Parkinson's disease
41
Excitatory in Limbic system | Causes depolarization and ap to occur
Dopamine
42
Blocks the re-uptake of dopamine- you get high
Cocaine
43
Excitatory, make you feel "happy" Lack of it, can cause depression SSRI such as Zoloft, Prozac help
Serotonin
44
Sits in receptors, rush of happy, then total crash
Ecstasy
45
Inhibitory | Reduces anxiety
GABA
46
Excitatory Lowers threshold values Increases amount of ACh released as reduces adenosine Ca NT which makes drowsiness
Caffeine
47
Excitatory bind to ACh receptors
Nicotine
48
Excitatory, released when you need to feel pain
Substance P
49
Released from knob with NTs | Can modify the action of NTS
Neuromodulators
50
Moraine/opium block substance P release, temp. Pain relief ex) morphine pill, OxyContin
Opioids
51
``` Hits in 30s Myelin hardens Common to optic nerve, brain cord Episodic and progressive More common in colder climates ```
Multiple Sclerosis
52
Outer gray layer of the brain
Cerebral cortex
53
Large white matter tract that allows communication of hemispheres
Corpus callosum
54
Elevated areas of cortex, increases surface area
Gyri
55
Shallow depression between gyri
Sulci
56
Deep grooves, the longitudinal seperatss L/R hemi
Fissure
57
Chunks of gray matter in each hemi, continued movements once started
Basal nuclei
58
Basal nuclei work unchecked, so voluntary movements are extremely difficult to start and continue and no treatment
Parkinson's disease
59
Coordination of involuntary movement, posture, balance
Cerebellum
60
Outer gray matter in the cerebellum
Cerebellar cortex
61
Tree of life, large whitest get tract
Arbor vitae
62
Vital functions, connection to other brain areas
Brain stem
63
Alertness
Mesencephalon aka midbrain
64
Body reflex to visual stimuli like a flash of bright light
Superior collicilus
65
Body reflex to loud noises
Inferior collicilus
66
Modified breathing, connects CBL to rest of brain
Pons
67
Digestion, blood pressure, heart rate, sets rate of breathing, also links brain with spinal cord
Medulla oblongata
68
Link between the cerebrum and the brainstem
Dicephalon
69
Post office of the brain
Thalamus
70
Body temp, hormone release, hunger+thirst
Hypothalamus
71
Pituitary gland
Hypophysis
72
Sleep/wake cycles, melatonin released when no light, so you get sleep
Pineal gland
73
Emotional system
Limbic system
74
Learning, memory, and emotion, looks like a sea horse Memory storage and retrieval Concerts short term mem to long
Hippocampus
75
Links emotion with memory, emotional learning , controls fight or flight response
Amygdala
76
Reticular activating system
RAS FILTERING SYSTEM
77
4 chambers in the brain
Ventricles
78
What are the laterals divided by
Septum pellueidum
79
How is a brain protected
Bones, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid
80
Outermost layer of menu he- 3 places where it folds on itself to cover gaps
Dura mater
81
Places where dura mater folds on itself
Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentoriun cerebelli
82
Veins found in meninges
Subdural space
83
Intermediate layer, looks like spider webs
Arachnoid layer
84
Subarachnoid space
CSF found here
85
Innermost layer lies directly on the brain
Pis mater
86
Made by choroid plexus
Cerebrospinal fluid
87
Layer of ependymal cells lining the 3rd ventricle
Choroid plexus
88
Cerebrospinal fluid drained by this Into the veins
arachnoid granulations
89
CSF production norm or increased, but absorption does not occur or is slow
Hydrocephalus
90
What do adults and infants do to drain excess fluid
Shant
91
Layer of endothelial cells that surrounds brain capillaries
Blood brain barrier
92
BBB Alows
Polygon, glucose, alcohol, carbon dioxide, steroids, anesthesia
93
BBB DENIES
``` Most hormones Most neurotransmitters Most bacteria and viruses Antibiotics Penicillins and tetracyclines ```
94
Needs to regulate water/ nutrient content in blood
Hypothalamus
95
To detects poisons in blood
Vomit center
96
Blood supply cut off to brain- caused by a clot or aneurysm
Stroke
97
Strokes are mostly seen in
Wernicke's area | Broca's area
98
Incoming speech Understanding of words Sounding out new words
Wernickes area
99
If stroke occurs here
Cannot follow a simple command like "be quiet" | But could understand "be" and "quiet" separately
100
Outgoing speech Speech production Coordination muscles of the tongue/ lips/ throat
Broca's
101
Stoke damaged Broca's area
Can make sounds | Cannot form words
102
CSF filled sac
Cyst
103
Symptoms- seizures
Epilepsy
104
Brief stroke
Petit mal
105
23 min. Convulsions, unconscious
Grand mal
106
Uncontrolled neuron, activity, no other signals can get through
Pathology of a stoke
107
Memory loss, disorientation, anger, hallucinations
Alzheimer's disease

Anatomy (17 decks)

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