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Anatomy > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

1
Q

Lose control of limbs, then trunk
Immune response after a viral infection
Reversible demyelinated

A

Guillain-Barre

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2
Q

Neuron at rest

A

Sodium and chlorine high outside the axolemma

Potassium and proteins high inside the axolemma

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3
Q

Resting potential of neuron

A

-70mV

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4
Q

How do we maintain unequal charge?

A

Channels

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5
Q

Sensory movement

A

Afferent divisions of PNS

10 million

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6
Q

Collect info, about internal body environment

A

Visceral sensory neurons

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7
Q

Collect info, about external environment and body position

A

Somatic sensory movement

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8
Q

Exterceptors

A

Monitor touch, pressure, temp. Sight, smell, hearing

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9
Q

Monitor joints and muscles

A

Proprioceptors

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10
Q

Monitor digestion, urinary, reproductive, pain, taste

A

Interceptors

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11
Q

Receptors deliver..

A

Info to the CNS for processin

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12
Q

Efferent division of PNS

Send directions from CNS to muscle and glands

A

Motor neurons

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13
Q

Smooth m., cardiac glands, fat

A

Visceral motor neurons

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14
Q

Skeletal m.

A

Somatic motor neurons

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15
Q

Most located in CNS-pyramidal and parkinje

20 billion in body

A

Interneurons

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16
Q

The middle men
A) distributes sensory info
B) coordinate motor signals- the more complex the action, more Interneurons we involved

A

Association cells

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17
Q

Most numerous in CNS
Directs growth of neurons
Composed of BBB

A

astrocytes

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18
Q

Make and circulate CSF

A

Ependymal cells

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19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Myelinate the CNS making internodes

Gaps in myelin called “modes of Ranvier”

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20
Q

Police force of CNS

Garbage chewers

A

Microglia

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21
Q

Monitor environment of cell

Like astrocytes in CNS by function

A

Satellite cells

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22
Q

Myelinated axons in PNS
Act like Oligos in CNS
Important in Wallerjam degeneration

A

Schwann cell

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23
Q

Passive, always open, maintains resting potential

A

Leak channels

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24
Q

Active, restores resting potential, ejects 3 NA+ for every 2 K+ brought in

A

NA/K ATPASE pump

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25
Q

Active, open in response to stimulus. Changes the resting potential= depolarizers, repolarizes the cell

A

Gated channel

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26
Q

Occurs in most membranes
Weak- diminishes w/ distance
Depolarize, no threshold reached
Usually does not turn into action potential unless received lad to axon hillock

A

Graded

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27
Q 
Occurs in exciteable in cells 
Strong stimulus 
Excited the entire length of the cell 
Depolarize to threshold
Action potential form
A

Action potential

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28
Q

Single synapse, repeated stimuli

A

Temporal summation

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29
Q

Spatial summation

A

Multiple synapses, stimulatianous stimuli

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30
Q

If threshold is reached, action potential will be generated and passed along axon

A

All or none principle

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31
Q

Differences in the speed of AP

A

Propagation

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32
Q

Unmyelinated axons, ap runs in small steps as signals continue to be repeated

A

Continuous

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33
Q

Myelinated axons, a.p. Signal conducts only at the nodes of Ranvier, leaping over the internodes

A

Saltatory

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34
Q

Largest diameter, myelinated ap travels over 300 mph

A

Type A fibers

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35
Q

Medium diameter, myelinated ap travels at 40 mph

A

Type B fibers

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36
Q

Smallest diameters, Unmyelinated, ap travels at 2 mph

A

Type C fibers

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37
Q

So we have an ap now what?

A

Release of neurotransmitter from synaptic bulb

NTs have ethier excitatory or inhibitory effects in body.

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38
Q

1st discovered, excitatory at NMJ

A

Acetylcholine

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39
Q

Inhibitory in motor cortex
Prevents overstimulation of muscles
Induces hyper polarization
If receptors are destroyed then causes ridged/ stiff muscles

A

Dopamine

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40
Q

Receptors are destroyed then causes rigid / stuff muscles

A

Parkinson’s disease

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41
Q

Excitatory in Limbic system

Causes depolarization and ap to occur

A

Dopamine

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42
Q

Blocks the re-uptake of dopamine- you get high

A

Cocaine

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43
Q

Excitatory, make you feel “happy”
Lack of it, can cause depression
SSRI such as Zoloft, Prozac help

A

Serotonin

44
Q

Sits in receptors, rush of happy, then total crash

A

Ecstasy

45
Q

Inhibitory

Reduces anxiety

A

GABA

46
Q

Excitatory
Lowers threshold values
Increases amount of ACh released as reduces adenosine Ca NT which makes drowsiness

A

Caffeine

47
Q

Excitatory bind to ACh receptors

A

Nicotine

48
Q

Excitatory, released when you need to feel pain

A

Substance P

49
Q

Released from knob with NTs

Can modify the action of NTS

A

Neuromodulators

50
Q

Moraine/opium block substance P release, temp. Pain relief ex) morphine pill, OxyContin

A

Opioids

51
Q 
Hits in 30s 
Myelin hardens
Common to optic nerve, brain cord 
Episodic and progressive 
More common in colder climates
A

Multiple Sclerosis

52
Q

Outer gray layer of the brain

A

Cerebral cortex

53
Q

Large white matter tract that allows communication of hemispheres

A

Corpus callosum

54
Q

Elevated areas of cortex, increases surface area

A

Gyri

55
Q

Shallow depression between gyri

A

Sulci

56
Q

Deep grooves, the longitudinal seperatss L/R hemi

A

Fissure

57
Q

Chunks of gray matter in each hemi, continued movements once started

A

Basal nuclei

58
Q

Basal nuclei work unchecked, so voluntary movements are extremely difficult to start and continue and no treatment

A

Parkinson’s disease

59
Q

Coordination of involuntary movement, posture, balance

A

Cerebellum

60
Q

Outer gray matter in the cerebellum

A

Cerebellar cortex

61
Q

Tree of life, large whitest get tract

A

Arbor vitae

62
Q

Vital functions, connection to other brain areas

A

Brain stem

63
Q

Alertness

A

Mesencephalon aka midbrain

64
Q

Body reflex to visual stimuli like a flash of bright light

A

Superior collicilus

65
Q

Body reflex to loud noises

A

Inferior collicilus

66
Q

Modified breathing, connects CBL to rest of brain

A

Pons

67
Q

Digestion, blood pressure, heart rate, sets rate of breathing, also links brain with spinal cord

A

Medulla oblongata

68
Q

Link between the cerebrum and the brainstem

A

Dicephalon

69
Q

Post office of the brain

A

Thalamus

70
Q

Body temp, hormone release, hunger+thirst

A

Hypothalamus

71
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Hypophysis

72
Q

Sleep/wake cycles, melatonin released when no light, so you get sleep

A

Pineal gland

73
Q

Emotional system

A

Limbic system

74
Q

Learning, memory, and emotion, looks like a sea horse
Memory storage and retrieval
Concerts short term mem to long

A

Hippocampus

75
Q

Links emotion with memory, emotional learning , controls fight or flight response

A

Amygdala

76
Q

Reticular activating system

A

RAS FILTERING SYSTEM

77
Q

4 chambers in the brain

A

Ventricles

78
Q

What are the laterals divided by

A

Septum pellueidum

79
Q

How is a brain protected

A

Bones, meninges, cerebrospinal fluid

80
Q

Outermost layer of menu he- 3 places where it folds on itself to cover gaps

A

Dura mater

81
Q

Places where dura mater folds on itself

A

Falx cerebri, falx cerebelli, tentoriun cerebelli

82
Q

Veins found in meninges

A

Subdural space

83
Q

Intermediate layer, looks like spider webs

A

Arachnoid layer

84
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

CSF found here

85
Q

Innermost layer lies directly on the brain

A

Pis mater

86
Q

Made by choroid plexus

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

87
Q

Layer of ependymal cells lining the 3rd ventricle

A

Choroid plexus

88
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid drained by this Into the veins

A

arachnoid granulations

89
Q

CSF production norm or increased, but absorption does not occur or is slow

A

Hydrocephalus

90
Q

What do adults and infants do to drain excess fluid

A

Shant

91
Q

Layer of endothelial cells that surrounds brain capillaries

A

Blood brain barrier

92
Q

BBB Alows

A

Polygon, glucose, alcohol, carbon dioxide, steroids, anesthesia

93
Q

BBB DENIES

A 
Most hormones
Most neurotransmitters
Most bacteria and viruses 
Antibiotics 
Penicillins and tetracyclines
94
Q

Needs to regulate water/ nutrient content in blood

A

Hypothalamus

95
Q

To detects poisons in blood

A

Vomit center

96
Q

Blood supply cut off to brain- caused by a clot or aneurysm

A

Stroke

97
Q

Strokes are mostly seen in

A

Wernicke’s area

Broca’s area

98
Q

Incoming speech
Understanding of words
Sounding out new words

A

Wernickes area

99
Q

If stroke occurs here

A

Cannot follow a simple command like “be quiet”

But could understand “be” and “quiet” separately

100
Q

Outgoing speech
Speech production
Coordination muscles of the tongue/ lips/ throat

A

Broca’s

101
Q

Stoke damaged Broca’s area

A

Can make sounds

Cannot form words

102
Q

CSF filled sac

A

Cyst

103
Q

Symptoms- seizures

A

Epilepsy

104
Q

Brief stroke

A

Petit mal

105
Q

23 min. Convulsions, unconscious

A

Grand mal

106
Q

Uncontrolled neuron, activity, no other signals can get through

A

Pathology of a stoke

107
Q

Memory loss, disorientation, anger, hallucinations

A

Alzheimer’s disease

Anatomy (17 decks)

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