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Anatomy > Ch 10 Muscle Phsiology > Flashcards

Ch 10 Muscle Phsiology Flashcards

0
Q

Triad

A

Terminal cisternae(2) + T Tubule

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1
Q

Terminal cisternae

A

Infoldings of SR run perpendicular to the myofibrils

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2
Q

Triad works as

A

A voltage sensor for the muscle fiber

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3
Q

Sarcomere

A

Functional unit, approx. 10,000 sarcomeres in one myofibril,

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4
Q

Myofilaments

A

Thick and thin

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5
Q

Thin filaments

A

Composed of actin protein, toward ends of the sarcomere

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6
Q

Thick filaments

A

Composed of myosin protein, toward the middle of the sarcoma

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7
Q

M line

A

Middle, where thick filaments interconnect

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8
Q

Z line

A

Zig zag proteins actinin at ends of sarcomere

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9
Q

A band

A

Dark in appearance, thick filaments, includes zone of overlap

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10
Q

J band

A

Light in appearance, where thin filaments are- include Z line

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11
Q

H zone

A

No overlap between thin and thick

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12
Q

Thin filaments

A
  • composed of twisted actin protein
  • active sites along chain
  • A rest, tropomyosin covers the active site to prevent binding
  • tropinin- sits atop tropomyosin to ensure active site covering
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13
Q

Thick filaments

A

Composed of myosin proteins
Consists of a head and tail
The heads point away from M line
Forming a crossbridge

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14
Q

1st step in a muscle contraction

A

Ca+2 ion released by terminal cisternae

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15
Q

2nd step of a muscle contraction

A

Ca2+ attached to tropinin

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16
Q

3rd step of muscle contraction

A

Tropinin-tropomyosin complex swings away from the actin is exposed

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17
Q

5th step

A

Myosin heads attach to active site cross bridge forms

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18
Q

6th step

A

Myosin pivots, pulling the actin toward the M line

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19
Q

7th step

A

Myosin detaches and thin slides back into place

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20
Q

Summary of muscle contraction

A 
Attach 
Cross-bridge 
Pivot 
Detach 
Return
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21
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

Rigidity of death

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22
Q

What is rigor Mortis

A

After seat, cell membranes become leaky, so Ca2+ leaks of SR. Myosin heads attah to actin, but no ATP is being made, so can’t detach

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23
Q

When does rigor Mortis begin

A

3/4 hours after death and muscles remain stuff for 15-24 hours

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24
Q

What happens 24 hours later?

A

Lysozyme will destroy all cross-bridge

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25
Q

NMJ=

A

Neuromuscular junction

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26
Q

Where is NMJ located

A

Connection between a motor neuron and muscle fiber exists

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27
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

Small gap between the cells

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28
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Communication between the cells occurs through a chemical neurotransmitter

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29
Q

Where is ACH stored?

A

Neuron in synaptic vesicles

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30
Q

Motorend plate

A

Has ACH receptors

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31
Q

1st step that occurs at NMJ

A

Action potential arrives at end of motor neuron

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32
Q

2nd step at NMJ

A

ACH released from synaptic vehicle by exocytosis

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33
Q

3rd steps that occurs at NMJ

A

ACH wanders through synaptic cleft

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34
Q

Step of 5 of NMJ

A

Influx of NA+ ions from extra cellular fluid across the servile a

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35
Q

Step 6 NMJ

A

Muscle a.p. Generated along t tubule

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36
Q

Step 7 of NMJ

A

Ca2+ ions released from t cisternae as a.p. Passes

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37
Q

Step 8 of NMJ

A

Contraction begins, A chase breaks down ACH bound to motor end plate receptors

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38
Q

step 9 NMJ A

A

ACH receptors occurs at motor neuron

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39
Q

Black widow venom

A

Blocks a.p. From neuron

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40
Q

Tetanus

A

40%-60% mortality rate “lock jaw”

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41
Q

Botulinus toxin

A

Blocks exocytosis of ACH, Botox injections

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42
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Loss of ACH receptors at m.e.p. Genetic tendency with autoimmune response

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43
Q

Curare

A

Plant toxin poison darts used by South American tribes, binds to ACH receptors, blocking the real ACH FROM BINDING

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44
Q

Tension

A

The amount of force exerted by the myosin head

45
Q

Minimal tension

A

Initial stimulation causes only the myosin heads in the zone of overlap to attach

46
Q

Twitch

A

One contraction once relaxation

47
Q

Latent phase

A

A.p. Process sarcolemma, ca2+ ions released

48
Q

Contraction phase

A

Ca2+ binds active sites exposed myosin heads bind

49
Q

Recovery phase

A

Ca2+ re absorbed active sites covered

50
Q

Twitch

A

Single contraction

51
Q

Summation of twitches

A

Repeated stimulation. After contraction.

52
Q

Incomplete tetanus

A

Rapid stimulation with partial relaxation can occur

53
Q

Tone

A

Number of myosin heads that are blind to actin at a given time

54
Q

Active muscles use..

A

600 trillion ATP molecules

55
Q

Where does ATP come from?

A

ATP styles in muscle
Creatine phosphate
Glycogen

56
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

Remember Kreb’s or Citric acid cycle

57
Q

Anaerobic

A

Fermentation yields 2 ATP

58
Q

When muscle becomes active, co reduced back to ATP

A

Creative phosphokinase

59
Q

Lack of energy

A

Seen in long distance runners. Use ATP at slow rate, below normal rate of ATP generation, so they get endurance. Muscles fatigue when they run out of glycogen reserves. pH lowers

60
Q

Build-iPod lactic acid

A

Seen in sprinters. Acid build up during recovery period from contraction. PH lowers

61
Q

Intermediate muscle fiber

A

Most skeletal muscles are a combo of fast and slow fibers

Can morph to fast or slow with training

62
Q

Duchenne muscular dystrophy

A

Sex-linked genetic disease
Muscle cells lacking dystrophin protein
Dystrophin anchors thin filaments to sarcolemma, and regulates channels in sarcolemma
Muscle fiber degenerate into fatty tissue

63
Q

Atrophy

A

When muscle wastes away becoming smaller and weaker

64
Q

Disuse atrophy

A

Reduced number of nerve impulses, reversible. Ex bedridden, casts

65
Q

Degeneration atrophy

A

No nerve impulses to muscle at all. After 2 years irreversible. Muscle tissue will turn into fibrous c.t.

66
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Increased diameter of muscle fibers, increased number of mitochondria, myofibrils, Sr… Reversible

67
Q

Acetylcholine: acetylcholinesterase

A

Neurotransmitter: enzyme that breaks down the ACH

68
Q

Action potential: nerve impulse

A

Action p. Releases neurotransmitters : nerve impulse may not be strong enough to be turned into a.p.

69
Q

T. Tubule: terminal cisternae

A

A.p. Travels through here: Ca ions stores here. Together the traid works as a voltage sensor for muscle cell

70
Q

How would a drug interferes with cross bridge formation affect contraction?

A

Yes- no contraction occurs, you are paralyzed

71
Q

What would you expect to happen in resting skeletal muscle if the sarcolemma suddenly became very permeable to ca2+ ions

A

Sudden violent contraction, like a charley horse

72
Q

Predict what would happen to a muscle if he motor end plate did not contain acetyl cholinesterase

A

Muscle would contract one time only- could not be re-stimulated to contact a second time

73
Q

3 factors that are responsible for duration of muscle contraction

A

How long stimulation lasts at NMJ
Presence of Ca ions in the sarcoplasm
Availability of ATP

74
Q

Can a skeltal muscle contract without shortening?

A

Yes- isometric contraction has occured

75
Q

Tension rises to peak levels with very brief periods of relaxation

A

Incomplete tetanus

76
Q

One contraction one compete relaxation

A

Twitch

77
Q

Slightly higher tension results as a string of successive stimuli are received

A

Summation

78
Q

Stimulus frequency is so rapid that relaxation is completely eliminated

A

Complete tetanus

79
Q

How does a body sustain contractions?

A

Larger muscles like those of the back are controlled by more than one motor unit. Motor units are rotated so that some parts of the muscle are resting while other parts of the muscle are contracting. This results in a sustained contraction without fatigue of the overall muscle

80
Q

Acetylcholine

A

Contraction

81
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Paralysis

82
Q

Anticholinesterase

A

Contraction

83
Q

Curare

A

Paralysis

84
Q

Botulin toxin

A

Paralysis

85
Q

Tetanus infection

A

Paralysis

86
Q

Polio infection

A

Paralysis

87
Q

The type of contraction in which tension rises, but resistance does not change is?

A

Isometric contraction

88
Q

An action potential can travel quickly from one cardiac muscle cell to another due to the presence of?

A

Intercalated disc

89
Q

What is a motor unit?

A

All muscle cells controlled by a single neuron-

90
Q

What forms of energy reserves do resting skeletal muscle fibers contain

A

Co, ATP, glycogen

91
Q

What two mechanisms are used to generate ATP in a muscle cell

A

Aerobic and anaerobic respiration

92
Q

Two activities that would require aerobic endurance

A

Distance sports- cords country and skiing

93
Q

Two areas of the boy where slow fibers

A

Eyeballs and muscles of the fingers

94
Q

Describe the relationship between lactic acid and fatigue

A

As lactic acid increase, pH of the sarcoplasm drops, enzymes will not work, therefore, muscle is fatigued and can no longer contract until homeostasis is regained

95
Q

You were orbiting the moon 6 months?

A

Disuse atrophy

96
Q

You were in an accident and needed bed rest for 2 months

A

Disuse atrophy

97
Q

You have been bulking up by drinking those gross protein shakes with creative

A

Hypertrophy

98
Q

What fiber in cheetah

A

White

99
Q

Salmon?

A

Dark

100
Q

Tilapia

A

White

101
Q

Whale

A

Dark

102
Q

Seal

A

White

103
Q

Bear

A

Dark

104
Q

Gastrocnemius muscle

A

Dark

105
Q

Spasm

A

Sudden contraction of single m. In a larger m. group

106
Q

Cramp

A

Painful spasm

107
Q

Twitch

A

Single involuntary contraction

108
Q

Tremor

A

Rhythmic, repeated contraction, produces shaking

109
Q

Isometric

A

Building tension but muscle doesn’t shorten

110
Q

Isotonic

A

Build tension and he muscle shortens

Anatomy (17 decks)

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