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Biology 142 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the seven “meanings” of food?

A 
Survival
Memories
Jobs
Relationships
Care Giving
Culture
Politics
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2
Q

What are the contractions that the esophagus uses called?

A

Peristalsis

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3
Q

The slushy acidic mixture of food and digestive juices is called what?

A

Chyme

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4
Q

What is the order that food leaves the stomach?

A

First - Carbohydrates
Second - Proteins
Third - Lipids (Fat)

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5
Q

90% of absorption takes place where?

A

Small intestine

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6
Q

The small intestine is covered with finger-like protrusions which absorb nutrients called what?

A

Villa

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7
Q

The active drinking in process where nutrients are absorbed into the blood stream is called what?

A

Pinocytosis

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8
Q

The intermittent oscillating contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle in the small intestines is called what?

A

Segmentation Contractions

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9
Q

The major job of the large intestine is?

A

The Absorption of Water and Electrolytes

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10
Q

My Pyramid v.s Old Pyramid

A 
Old Pyramid = One Size Fit All
MyPyramid.gov
Developed by USDA
Personal Guild to healthy eating and Physical Activity
Based on Age, Gender, Activity Level
Choose
MyPlate.gov
More Personalized
Includes Excercise
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11
Q

Government Agency that Regulates Food Labels

A

FDA

Does not regulate meat and poultry.

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12
Q

Government Agency that Regulates Food Labels for meat and poultry.

A

USDA

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13
Q

What percentage of diet should be made up of Carbohydrates (CHO)

A

50-60%

50 for less active, 60 for more active

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14
Q

What is blood sugar

A

Glucose

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15
Q

Types of Simple Sugars

A

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

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16
Q

Insulin is released to aid sugar uptake from blood to cells

A

Hyperglycemia

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17
Q

Name 3 or more simple sugars

A

Monosaccharides

  • Glucose - Blood Sugar
  • Fructose
  • Galactose

Disaccharides

  • Sucrose
  • Lactose
  • Maltose
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18
Q

What is the blood sugar stored in the liver and muscles called?

A

Glycogen

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19
Q

Blood Sugar (glucose) derived from protein (non-CHO products)

A

Gluconeogenesis
Gluco = Sugar
Neo = New
Genesis = Creation

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20
Q

CHO are fuel for what main body system?

A

Central Nervous System

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21
Q

Simple Fats are also known as?

A

Triglycerides

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22
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids have how many bonds?

A
  • Single Bond

- Saturated with Hydrogen

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23
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acids with 2 or more double bonds are what?

A

Poly-unsaturated

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24
Q

Omega 3 and Omega 6 are what kind of fatty acid?

A

Essential Fatty Acid

  • Polyunsaturated fatty acid
  • Must be consumed from good/diet- Serve as precursors of other fatty acids which body cannot synthesize
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25
Q

What process reduces unsaturated fatty acids’ from double bonds to single bonds using Hydrogen and Nicke

A

Hydrogenation

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26
Q

Lipoprotein that transports (carries away) cholesterol from the arteries?

A

HDL

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27
Q

Hardening of the arteries due to plaque forming is called what?

A

Athrosclorises

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28
Q

What percentage of daily kcal intake should be from fat?

A

25-30% or less

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29
Q

Fat contains how many kcals per gram?

A

9kcal/gram

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30
Q

Fat is the primary energy source for what?

A

Low to moderate exercise

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31
Q

Protein is made up of?

A

CHO (Carbohydrates) + Nitrogen

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32
Q

Amino Acids are joined together by what type of Bonds?

A

Peptide Bonds

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33
Q

Amino acids created in the body are what kind?

A

Nonessential

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34
Q

Proteins containing all the essential amino acids are called?

A

High Quality or Complete Proteins

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35
Q

The average adult should get how much protein per day?

A

.8g / kg of body weight

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36
Q

Protein contains how many calories?

A

4 kcal/gram

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37
Q

What kind of athlete needs more protein?

A

Endurance athlete

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38
Q

A vegetarian that eats no flesh but does eat dairy and eggs is what kind of vegetarian?

A

Lacto Ovo Vegetarian

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39
Q

The main function of protein in the body?

A

Anabolism = Growth and repair of tissue.

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40
Q

Consequences of too much protein in the diet?

A

Heart Disease
Obesity
Osteoporosis
Cancer

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41
Q

What happens to excess water soluble vitamins?

A

They go out in your urine. ( pee them out )

42
Q

What makes a mineral a Major Mineral?

A

Greater than 100mg requirement

43
Q

What makes a mineral a Minor Mineral?

A

Less than 100mg requirement

44
Q

What is the extent to which a mineral is absorbed by the body and made available?

A

Bioavailability

45
Q

What does a deficiency of calcium cause?

A

Osteoperosis

46
Q

Part of the body where Osteoperosis mainly occurs?

A

Spine

47
Q

What are the three catagories of water intake?

A

Food, Water, and metabolism

48
Q

The daily ingestion of fat soluble vitamins are not necessary, why?

A

They are stored in the body.

49
Q

All vitamins are found in plants except?

A

B12

50
Q

What are the four ways we lose hydration?

A

Breathing
Skin
Urine
Feces

51
Q

Bodies energy currency. Fuel for all processes in the body.

A

ATP

52
Q

How many molecules of phosphate need to be broken to provide energy?

A

1 Bond

53
Q

What molecule is a reservoir of energy? (Donates a phosphate)

A

Creatine Phosphate

54
Q

System where energy is released without oxygen?

A

Anaerobic

55
Q

System where energy is released with oxygen?

A

Aerobic

56
Q

Energy System that provides energy for 5-8 seconds?

A

ATP-PCr

Phosphagen System

57
Q

Energy System that breaks down glucose and provides 30-100 seconds of energy?

A

Glycolysis aka Lactic Acid System

Anaerobic production of ATP

58
Q

Energy System that provides energy for more than two minutes?

A

Oxidative aka Aerobic System(Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain)

59
Q

Component that represents the greatest number of calories burned? (i.e Largest proportion of daily energy expenditure)

A

BMR

60
Q

The portion of energy expenditure a person has the most control over? (i.e. burning energy (calories))

A

Physical Activity

61
Q

What are the four ways to interpret body composition?

A

Medical
Anthropological
Performance
Appearance

62
Q

Fat that is stored in Organs, Central Nervous System, and Muscle is what kind of fat?

A

Essential Fat

63
Q

In women, fat stored in the breasts and genitals is what kind of fat?

A

Sex Specific Fat

64
Q

Fat stored in adipose tissue is ?

A

“Expendable” Fat - Storage Fat

65
Q

If a man loses all his storage fat, what percentage of his body would be made up fat?

A

3%

66
Q

If a woman loses all her storage fat, what percentage of her body would be made up of fat?

A

12%

67
Q

The complete cessation of a woman’s menstrual cycle is called?

A

Amenorrhea

68
Q

A body type that is described as apple shaped is called what?

A

Android

69
Q

A body type that is described as pear shaped is called what?

A

Gynoid

70
Q

Body sites taken by skin fold measurements are?

A

Triceps
ScapulaIliac
Abdomen
Thigh

71
Q

What are the factors that affect weight that we cannot control?

A

Genetics

Physiologic

72
Q

What is the factor that affects weight that we can control?

A

Toxic Person / Toxic Environment-Nutrition-Exercise -Lifestyle

73
Q

What equation compares intake and output?

A

Energy Balance

Dynamic Equilibrium

74
Q

If your intake is more than your expenditure what will happen to your weight?

A

You will gain weight

75
Q

If your intake is less than your expenditure, what will happen to your weight?

A

You will lose weight

76
Q

If your intake and expenditure are the same what will happen to your weight?

A

Your weight will remain the same

77
Q

How many calories are there in a pound of fat?

A

3500

78
Q

What is a safe amount of pounds to lose per week?

A

1 to 2 Pounds

79
Q

What can you change about your fat cells?

A

Their size

Once fat cells have been added to the body it is impossible to lose them other than via a medical procedure.

80
Q

What are the common traits of successful weight losers?

A
  • Commitment
  • Support
  • Physical Activity
  • Portion Control
81
Q

The ability of the heart & lungs to deliver oxygen and nutrition to working muscles.

A

Cardiovascular Fitness

82
Q

Calculation for max heart rate?

A

220 - Age

83
Q

Target Heart Rate

A

50-85% of Max Heart Rate

84
Q

Ability of muscles to contract with great force for a short time.

A

Muscle Strength

85
Q

Ability of muscles to contract repeatedly over a prolonged period of time.

A

Muscle Endurance

86
Q

Ability of muscles to move with a full range of motion.

A

Flexibility

87
Q

The ration of body fat to lean muscle?

A

Body Composition

88
Q

What does F.I.T.T stand for?

A

Frequency
Intensity
Time
Type

89
Q

Principle of training where overload must be increased?

A

Progression

90
Q

Use it or lose it principle?

A

Reversability

91
Q

Which parent is a greater indicator of fatness in a child?

A

Mother

92
Q

The most common criteria used to determine obesity?

A

Percentage Body Fat???

93
Q

Name health risks associated with excessive body fat?

A
  • Impared Cardiac
  • FunctionHypertension, Stroke and deep vein thrombosis
  • Increased insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes)
  • Renal disease
  • Sleep Apnea
  • Osteoarthritis, degenerative joint disease
  • Endometrial, prostate, breast, colon cancers
  • Abnormal Plasma Lipid and Lipoprotein levels.
  • Menstrual Irregularities
  • Gallbladder disease
  • Enormous psychological burden and social stigma
94
Q

The eating disorder in which self starvation and low body weight are predominant characteristics is called?

A

Anorexia

95
Q

The eating disorder in which binging and purging are predominant characteristics is called?

A

Bulimia

96
Q

The soft hair that covers the body when an individual losses an excessive amount of body weight is call?

A

Lanugo

97
Q

The disorder in which exercise becomes an addiction is called?

A

Anorexia Athletica

98
Q

What is the term for when fat cells increase in size?

A

Hypertrophic

99
Q

What is the term for when fat cells increase in number?

A

Hyperplastic

100
Q

Eating disorders are considered what type of disease, physical or psychological?

A

Psychological

Biology 142 (11 decks)

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