Final Flashcards
Cell theory
All living things are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things; and new cells arise from existing cells
How would you be able to recognize a prokaryotic cell?
Generally are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells and don’t have a nuclei.
What cells enclose their DNA in a nucleus
Eukaryotic
What does the Nucleus do
contains DNA
What is the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?
The nucleus is contained in cytoplasm
What organelle breaks down other organelles and other cells?
Lysosomes
What cell converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that can be used easily by the cell
Mitochondria
Which two organelles are involved in energy conversion?
MItochondria and Chroloplast
How is the cell wall different from the cell membrane?
all cells have a cell membrane but not all cells have a cell wall
what structure makes proteins are where are these made?
nucleolus is the structure makes ribosomes that make proteins
what organelles stores salts and water?
vesicles and vacuoles
what organelle modifies and sorts proteins?
golgi apparatus
what is the primary function of a cell membrane?
controls what enters and leaves the cell and supports and protects the cell
where are protein synthesizers made and where are most of them located?
Nucleolus Rough ER
what is the largest structure in a plant cell?
vacuole
passive transport
The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy
diffusion
the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
facilitated diffusion
molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels (carrier molecules)
osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
isotonic solution
The concentration of the solute molecules is the same inside and outside the cell-water moves equally in both directions-cell remains the same, no change-no change in osmotic pressure
hypertonic solution
solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell
-water moves out of the cell
-the cell will shrink/shrivel bc loss of water
-loss of osmotic pressure
hypotonic solution
the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell-water moves into the cell-the cell will swell/burst bc of water gain-increase in osmotic pressure
active transport
the movement of molecules against a concentration difference from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration
Endocytosis
a vesicle forms that large molecules, clumps of food or complete cells can be surrounded by and then forms a vacuole to pull the item into the cell. (bulk transport)
Exocytosis
the forcing out of substances from the cell membrane using vacuoles and vesicles
phagocytosis
large solids are taken into the cell
pinocytosis
large liquids are taken in the cell
tissue
group of similar cells that perform a similar function
organ
a group of tissues that work together
organ system
group of organs that work to complete the system
receptor-
to respond a cell must have a receptor that the signal binds to
what has to be true for diffusion to happen?
equilibrium has to be reached, permeability
what term do you use to describe no change in solution concentration level in the cell or solution?
isotonic
ATP consists of
adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups
Energy is going to be released when the bond between the BLANK + BLANK phosphate gorups is broken thus creating BLANK
senond + third, ADP
photo-synthetic pigments
light absorbing moelecules
chlorophyll pigments are in the BLANK
thylakoid membranes
Chlorophyll absorbs BLANK energy causing the electrons to become BLANK
light, energized
NADP+
a compound that can accept a pair of high energy energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy, to another molecule.
What is Photosynthesis?
uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy 6 carbon sugars and oxygen
Photosynthesis equation balanced
6CO2 + 6H2O ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2
light-dependent reactions (LDR)-
uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH
Chemiosmosis
movement of the H+ ion across the membrane causes the ATP synthase to spin and bind a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.
Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)
ATP and NADPH from LD is used to create high energy sugars in the stroma of the chloroplast
calorie-
Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C
cells prefer to break down bonds gradually and use the stored energy to produce other compounds like
ATP
cellular respiration formula
C6H12O2 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)
stages of cellular respiration in order
glycolysis
krebs cycle
electron transport
pathways that require oxygen are
aerobic
gylcolysis
glucose is transformed into pyruvic acid
atp production gives a net gain of ___
2 ATP per molecule of glucose
Glycolysis produces ___ ATP , ___ NADH , ___ Pyruvic acid
2,2,2
Krebs cycle-
pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. oxygen has to be present
ATP = ___ % total energy in glucose
38
ATP from glycolysis
2
__ ATP from krebs cycle
2
___ ATP from ETC
34
In fermentation BLANK is regenerated so glycolysis can continue
NAD+
What are the 2 forms of Fermentaion?
Alcoholic and Lactic acid
If a cell becomes too large the cell membrane can’t
get rid of wastes or bring in enough materials like food
The cell copies all DNA so each cell has BLANK amount of original DNA.
the same
BLANK provides genetic diversity for the continuation of a species.
Sexual reproduction
In BLANK the offspring is genetically identical to the single parent, no exchange of DNA information so no genetic diversity.
Asexual reproduction
What is the G1 phase?
Cell growth, centrioles duplicate
What is the S phase?
DNA replication
What is the G2 phase?
preparation for cell divison (mitosis)
G1, S, G2, M?-Increases in size-Cells make new proteins and organelles-Centrioles are duplicated-Intense growth and activity
G1
What is the M phase?
mitosis
G1, S, G2, M?New DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes replicate
S
G1, S, G2, M?Ensures that each daughter cell will get a complete set of chromosomes
S
G1, S, G2, M?Chromosomes are now visible nad process of mitosis
M
G1, S, G2, M?
Preparing for cell division (shortest phase)
G2
In BLANK the duplicated strands (sister chromatids) attach at the center (centromere)
metaphase
propahse
the centrioles begin to move opposite poles and the spindle fibers (microtubules) connect between them
Metaphase
the chromatid attach to the middle of the spindle at their centromeres.
anaphase
the spindle helps the sister chromatids separate at the centomere.
telophase
the chromosomes unwind and are no longer visible.
What stages of M Phase are chromozones visible
in all phases of M phase but Telophase
During cytokinesis in BLANK the cytoplasm is pinched in 2 equal parts.
animals cells
During cytokinesis in BLANK a cell plate is formed in between the rigid cell wall.
plant cells
Phases of Mitosis
prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
