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Final Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell theory

A

All living things are composed of one or more cells; the cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things; and new cells arise from existing cells

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2
Q

How would you be able to recognize a prokaryotic cell?

A

Generally are smaller and simpler than eukaryotic cells and don’t have a nuclei.

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3
Q

What cells enclose their DNA in a nucleus

A

Eukaryotic

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4
Q

What does the Nucleus do

A

contains DNA

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5
Q

What is the relationship between the nucleus and the cytoplasm?

A

The nucleus is contained in cytoplasm

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6
Q

What organelle breaks down other organelles and other cells?

A

Lysosomes

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7
Q

What cell converts the chemical energy stored in food into compounds that can be used easily by the cell

A

Mitochondria

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8
Q

Which two organelles are involved in energy conversion?

A

MItochondria and Chroloplast

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9
Q

How is the cell wall different from the cell membrane?

A

all cells have a cell membrane but not all cells have a cell wall

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10
Q

what structure makes proteins are where are these made?

A

nucleolus is the structure makes ribosomes that make proteins

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11
Q

what organelles stores salts and water?

A

vesicles and vacuoles

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12
Q

what organelle modifies and sorts proteins?

A

golgi apparatus

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13
Q

what is the primary function of a cell membrane?

A

controls what enters and leaves the cell and supports and protects the cell

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14
Q

where are protein synthesizers made and where are most of them located?

A

Nucleolus Rough ER

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15
Q

what is the largest structure in a plant cell?

A

vacuole

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16
Q

passive transport

A

The movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

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17
Q

diffusion

A

the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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18
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

molecules that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels (carrier molecules)

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19
Q

osmosis

A

Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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20
Q

isotonic solution

A

The concentration of the solute molecules is the same inside and outside the cell-water moves equally in both directions-cell remains the same, no change-no change in osmotic pressure

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21
Q

hypertonic solution

A

solution has a higher solute concentration than the cell
-water moves out of the cell
-the cell will shrink/shrivel bc loss of water
-loss of osmotic pressure

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22
Q

hypotonic solution

A

the solution has a lower solute concentration than the cell-water moves into the cell-the cell will swell/burst bc of water gain-increase in osmotic pressure

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23
Q

active transport

A

the movement of molecules against a concentration difference from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

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24
Q

Endocytosis

A

a vesicle forms that large molecules, clumps of food or complete cells can be surrounded by and then forms a vacuole to pull the item into the cell. (bulk transport)

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25
Q

Exocytosis

A

the forcing out of substances from the cell membrane using vacuoles and vesicles

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26
Q

phagocytosis

A

large solids are taken into the cell

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27
Q

pinocytosis

A

large liquids are taken in the cell

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28
Q

tissue

A

group of similar cells that perform a similar function

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29
Q

organ

A

a group of tissues that work together

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30
Q

organ system

A

group of organs that work to complete the system

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31
Q

receptor-

A

to respond a cell must have a receptor that the signal binds to

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32
Q

what has to be true for diffusion to happen?

A

equilibrium has to be reached, permeability

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33
Q

what term do you use to describe no change in solution concentration level in the cell or solution?

A

isotonic

34
Q

ATP consists of

A

adenine, a 5-carbon sugar called ribose, and three phosphate groups

35
Q

Energy is going to be released when the bond between the BLANK + BLANK phosphate gorups is broken thus creating BLANK

A

senond + third, ADP

36
Q

photo-synthetic pigments

A

light absorbing moelecules

37
Q

chlorophyll pigments are in the BLANK

A

thylakoid membranes

38
Q

Chlorophyll absorbs BLANK energy causing the electrons to become BLANK

A

light, energized

39
Q

NADP+

A

a compound that can accept a pair of high energy energy electrons and transfer them along with most of their energy, to another molecule.

40
Q

What is Photosynthesis?

A

uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high-energy 6 carbon sugars and oxygen

41
Q

Photosynthesis equation balanced

A

6CO2 + 6H2O ——> C6H12O6 + 6O2

42
Q

light-dependent reactions (LDR)-

A

uses energy from sunlight to produce oxygen and convert ADP and NADP+ into the energy carriers ATP and NADPH

43
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

movement of the H+ ion across the membrane causes the ATP synthase to spin and bind a phosphate group to ADP to create ATP.

44
Q

Light Independent Reactions (Calvin Cycle)

A

ATP and NADPH from LD is used to create high energy sugars in the stroma of the chloroplast

45
Q

calorie-

A

Amount of energy needed to raise temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree C

46
Q

cells prefer to break down bonds gradually and use the stored energy to produce other compounds like

A

ATP

47
Q

cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O2 + 6O2 ——> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP)

48
Q

stages of cellular respiration in order

A

glycolysis
krebs cycle
electron transport

49
Q

pathways that require oxygen are

A

aerobic

50
Q

gylcolysis

A

glucose is transformed into pyruvic acid

51
Q

atp production gives a net gain of ___

A

2 ATP per molecule of glucose

52
Q

Glycolysis produces ___ ATP , ___ NADH , ___ Pyruvic acid

A

2,2,2

53
Q

Krebs cycle-

A

pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. oxygen has to be present

54
Q

ATP = ___ % total energy in glucose

A

38

55
Q

ATP from glycolysis

A

2

56
Q

__ ATP from krebs cycle

A

2

57
Q

___ ATP from ETC

A

34

58
Q

In fermentation BLANK is regenerated so glycolysis can continue

A

NAD+

59
Q

What are the 2 forms of Fermentaion?

A

Alcoholic and Lactic acid

60
Q

If a cell becomes too large the cell membrane can’t

A

get rid of wastes or bring in enough materials like food

61
Q

The cell copies all DNA so each cell has BLANK amount of original DNA.

A

the same

62
Q

BLANK provides genetic diversity for the continuation of a species.

A

Sexual reproduction

63
Q

In BLANK the offspring is genetically identical to the single parent, no exchange of DNA information so no genetic diversity.

A

Asexual reproduction

64
Q

What is the G1 phase?

A

Cell growth, centrioles duplicate

65
Q

What is the S phase?

A

DNA replication

66
Q

What is the G2 phase?

A

preparation for cell divison (mitosis)

67
Q

G1, S, G2, M?-Increases in size-Cells make new proteins and organelles-Centrioles are duplicated-Intense growth and activity

A

G1

68
Q

What is the M phase?

A

mitosis

69
Q

G1, S, G2, M?New DNA is synthesized when the chromosomes replicate

A

S

70
Q

G1, S, G2, M?Ensures that each daughter cell will get a complete set of chromosomes

A

S

71
Q

G1, S, G2, M?Chromosomes are now visible nad process of mitosis

A

M

72
Q

G1, S, G2, M?
Preparing for cell division (shortest phase)

A

G2

73
Q

In BLANK the duplicated strands (sister chromatids) attach at the center (centromere)

A

metaphase

74
Q

propahse

A

the centrioles begin to move opposite poles and the spindle fibers (microtubules) connect between them

75
Q

Metaphase

A

the chromatid attach to the middle of the spindle at their centromeres.

76
Q

anaphase

A

the spindle helps the sister chromatids separate at the centomere.

77
Q

telophase

A

the chromosomes unwind and are no longer visible.

78
Q

What stages of M Phase are chromozones visible

A

in all phases of M phase but Telophase

79
Q

During cytokinesis in BLANK the cytoplasm is pinched in 2 equal parts.

A

animals cells

80
Q

During cytokinesis in BLANK a cell plate is formed in between the rigid cell wall.

A

plant cells

81
Q

Phases of Mitosis

A

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Biology (12 decks)

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