Final Flashcards
The application of the principles of the natural sciences, especially biology and physiology
Biomedical Science
The group in an experiment where the independent variable being tested is not applied so that it may serve as a standard for comparison against the experimental group where the independent variable is applied
Control Group
The measurable effect, outcome, or response in which the research is interested.
Dependent Variable
A research study conducted to determine the effect that one variable has upon another variable.
Experiment
The application of scientific knowledge to questions of civil and criminal law.
Forensic Science
Clear prediction of the anticipated results of an experiment.
Hypothesis
The variable that is varied or manipulated by the researcher.
Independent variable
Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome. Negative control groups help identify outside influences which may be present that were not accounted for when the procedure was created
Negative Control
Specialized clothing or equipment, worn by an employee for protection against infectious materials (as defined by OSHA).
Personal Protective
Equipment
Group expected to have a positive result, allowing the researcher to show that the experimental set up was capable of producing results.
Positive Control
What causes death
The failure of one system can cause failure of the next ending in a lack of brain activity
What clues may be found at a scene of a mysterious death that may help to determine the cause of death?
Vomit, blood, fingerprints, DNA, saliva, bite marks, bullets, poison, etc
Medical doctor that primarily does autopsies and determines cause of death
Forensic Pathologist (Medical Examiner)
what is diabetes?
a disorder where you have high blood glucose levels and caused by insufficient insulin or the inability of insulin to function properly
what does the human body use to maintain homeostasis?
feedback mechanisms
what is the protein that regulates the the transfer of glucose into body cells?
insulin
What is type 1 diabetes?
diabetes of a form that usually develops during childhood or adolescence and is characterized by a severe deficiency of insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels (autoimmune disorder)
what is type 2 diabetes?
Diabetes of a form that develops especially in adults and most often obese individuals and that is characterized by high blood glucose resulting from impaired insulin utilization coupled with the body’s inability to compensate with increased insulin production (insulin resistance)
what is a feedback mechanism?
when one thing happens in response to another thing, like a chain reaction
what macromolecules does food contain?
carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, which are broken down and reassembled for use in the human body
where is energy stored?
in chemical bonds of the macromolecules found in food
how does diabetes affect someone?
it affects their overall health and daily life
why is the heart considered a pump?
The heart is a pump because it moves a fluid (blood) using pressure (contractions of ventricles), the heart powers the whole cardiovascular system
what are the structures that make up the human heart?
chambers, valves, veins, arteries
What are the chambers of the heart?
open, like rooms - hold blood; right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, left ventricle
what are the valves of the heart?
flaps, like doors - let blood move one way; tricuspid, bicuspid (mitral), aortic, and pulmonary
what are the veins of the heart?
bring blood to heart - tubes, like halls; superior and inferior vena cavas and pulmonary veins
what are the arteries of the heart?
carry blood from heart - tubes, like halls; pulmonary arteries
what is meant by the term tissue?
a group of cells that work together to do something
what are the different types of cardiac tissue?
myocardium, endocardium, pericardium
what does myocardium tissue do?
“muscle heart”; makes up thick muscle layer
what does endocardium tissue do?
“inside heart”; forms inner surface of chambers
what does pericardium tissue do?
“of heart”; sac that surrounds the heart
Why is blood classified as a tissue?
tissues are groups of cells that perform a similar function and have a common origin; blood transports materials throughout the body and is all made in the bone marrow
what is the study of tissues?
histology
what is the removal of tissues from the body?
biopsy
what are the characteristics and functions of red blood cells?
flat for increased SA, carry oxygen using hemoglobin protein, survive 4 months
what are the characteristics and functions of white blood cells?
fight diseases, part of immune system, a high count can indicate infection
what are the characteristics and functions of platelets?
flat an sticky, help blood clot, impaired by aspirin
in what way does blood directly relate to the respiratory system?
picks up oxygen and drops off carbon dioxide at the alveoli
in what way does blood directly relate to the immune system?
circulates white blood cells and antibodies to fight disease
in what way does blood directly relate to the digestive system?
picks up nutrients from the small intestine and carries them to all other body tissues
in what way does blood directly relate to the urinary system?
carries cellular waste from all the body’s tissues to the kidneys, where it is filtered out and removed in the urine
why are most cells so small?
Cells must be small enough that materials coming IN can
absorb all the way IN and materials going OUT can escape
what will happen if cells get too big?
the cells will either starve to death or drown in their own waste
What does a sphygmomanometer measure and how is it used?
blood pressure, determines systolic and diastolic arterial pressure
what does and EKG measure and how is it used?
electricity within heart, electrodes on skin picks up current and show graphically
what are examples of positive feedback?
labor —-> until child is born
growth —-> until maturity
blood clotting —-> until clot form
what are examples of negative feedback?
temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar levels, hunger, sleep, shivering, or sweating
what is the role of insulin in our bodies?
let sugar into cells, and maintains homeostasis of blood sugar levels
what is insulin?
a hormone produced by the pancreas
how does insulin work?
- opens the door for glucose to enter the cells
- it stimulates the storing of glucose in the liver,the development of fat from excess carbohydrates, and the development of protein compounds in the body
What causes type 1 diabetes?
sugar can’t get into cells because the pancreas has stopped producing insulin
what causes type 2 diabetes?
sugar can’t get into cells because they’e become “insulin resistant” and no longer recognize recognize it as the “key”
(reversible IF lifestyle changes are made)
what is the current treatment for type 1 diabetes?
insulin - patients have the option of injections or an insulin pump
what is the current treatment for type 2 diabetes?
usually treated with lifestyle changes (exercise, limiting carbohydrates, etc), and oral medications; insulin may become necessary over time if condition worsens
what are the main structural components of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids?
they are all macromolecules because they are very large and consist of lots of atoms
what are the building blocks of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides
what are the building blocks of proteins?
amino acids
what are the building blocks of lipids?
hydrophilic heads & hydrophobic tails
(fatty acid chains)
what types of foods are carbohydrates?
grains, fruits,veggies, dairy, sweets
what types of foods are proteins?
meat, beans, nuts, eggs, dairy
what types of foods are lipids?
meat, oils, nuts, veggies, dairy
what is dehydration synthesis?
where macromolecules are built up in plants an animals, it’s how things like complex carbohydrates and proteins form
how does dehydration synthesis work?
as 2 molecules join to form one, they give off a water molecule; it’s how things grow, this requires ATP
what is hydrolysis?
the way macromolecules are broken down during digestion
how does hydrolysis work?
each water molecule can break one bond, breaking polymers down into monomers
what is an electrolyte?
fancy word for salt, needed for metabolism and muscle movement in small quantities
what is the role of a chemical bond in energy transfers?
energy is released when chemical bonds are broken in chemical reactions
what is a chemical reaction?
when a molecule forms from atoms coming together or when the bonds between the atoms are broken