Final Flashcards
Biomedical Science
The application of science to the medical field
Forensic Science
The application of science to criminal and civil law
Are physiological responses measured during a polygraph test?
Yes
Are polygraphs 100% accurate and reliable?
No
Hypothesis
An educated guess
experiment
a set of controlled observations that test the hypothesis
Difference between independent and dependent variables
The independent variable is the cause. Its value is independent of other variables in your study. The dependent variable is the effect. Its value depends on changes in the independent variable.
What is a control group
The group that doesn’t get the experimental treatment in an experiment.
negative control
Control group where conditions produce a negative outcome.
positive control
Control Group expected to have a positive result
Cuticle (hair)
tough, clear outside covering of the hair shaft
cortex of hair
middle layer of the hair shaft
provides strength; makes up most of the hair mass.
medulla of hair
the spongy anterior core of hair that gives it flexibilty; appears as a canal in the middle of the shaft.
Where is DNA found in the hair?
The root
Arch fingerprint
goes from one side of the finger to the other
Loop fingerprint
Begin at one side of finger, curve around/upward, exit other side. Two types, radical, ulnar
whorl fingerprint
Fingerprints that have at least 2 deltas, and make a complete circle
Fingerprint Minutiae
characteristics of ridge patterns in a fingerprint
How many minutiae must be matched to establish an identical fingerprint?
12
What are the four main components of blood?
plasma, platelets, red blood cells, white blood cells
Plasma
Liquid part of blood
red blood cells (erythrocytes)
transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
white blood cells (leukocytes)
respond to injury or infection
Platelets
blood clotting
Presumptive tests versus Confirmatory Tests
Presumptive tests, are those that usually identify a class of compounds whereas a confirmatory testis one that conclusively identifies a specific, individual compound
Antigens
Foreign material that invades the body
Antibodies
Specialized proteins that aid in destroying infectious agents
Agglunation
clumping of red blood cells
Which antigen(s) does type AB blood contain:
A and B antigens
Which antigen(s) does type A blood contain:
A
Which antigen(s) does type B blood contain:
B
Which antigen(s) does type O blood contain:
None
What does a blood splatter analyst do?
They figure out what happened at a crime based on the blood they find at the scene, on clothes, or evidence
How do height and angle affect blood spatter
The higher the blood drop falls from, the larger the diameter of the blood drop will be on the surface it strikes. The steeper the angle, the longer and thinner the blood drop will be.
What does DNA stand for?
Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid
Three parts of a Nucleotide
sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base
What are the four nitrogen bases?
Adenine, Thymine, Cytosine, Guanine
Purines
Bases with a double-ring structure.
Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines
Bases with a single-ring structure. Cytosine and Thymine
How do the bases pair in DNA?
A goes with T and C goes with G
Chromosomes
threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes
Relationship between DNA, genes, and Chromosomes
Work together to make you unique
Difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells
Prokaryotes are always unicellular, while eukaryotes are often multi-celled organisms
PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
rapidly makes multiple copies of a specific segment of DNA
Restriction Enzymes
enzyme that cuts DNA at a sequence of nucleotides
gel elctrophoresis
used to separate and analyze DNA pieces by placing a mixture of DNA fragments at one end of a gel and applying an electrical voltage to the gel
During gel electrophoresis in which direction do the DNA fragments move and why? Which fragments will move through the gel faster?
DNA is negatively charged, therefore, when an electric current is applied to the gel, DNA will migrate towards the positively charged electrode. Shorter strands of DNA move more quickly through the gel than longer strands.
Autopsy
the examination of a corpse to determine the cause of death
cause of death
the immediate reason for a person’s death
Manner of Death
How death occurred; 5 possibilities
- natural
-accidental
-suicide
-homicide
-undetermined
mechanism of death
the specific body failure that leads to death
Functions and Key structures of the Integumentary System
protecting your body from bacteria, infection, injury and sunlight.
skin, hair, nails
Functions and Key structures of the Skeletal System
bones and joints
gives the body its shape, allows movement, makes blood cells, provides protection for organs and stores minerals
Functions and Key structures of the Muscular System
Helps the body move and contract
skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
Functions and Key structures of the Nervous System
helps all the parts of the body to communicate with each other
brain, spinal cord, sensory receptors, nerves
Functions and Key structures of the Cardiovascular System
delivers oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and other important substances to cells and organs in the body
Heart, Blood Vessels (Veins, arteries, capillaries)
Functions and Key structures of the Respiratory System
help you breathe
lungs, nasal cavity, trachea, bronchus
Functions and Key structures of the Lymphatic and Immune System
absorbing digestive tract fats and removing cellular waste.
lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, bone marrow
Functions and Key structures of the Digestive System
breaks down food into nutrients
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver
functions and key structures of urinary system
filter blood and create urine as a waste by-product
kidney, bladder, ureter, urethra
Functions and Key structures of the Endocrine System
endo(cringe)
release hormones into the bloodstream
adrenal gland, pituitary gland, ovary, testis
Functions and Key structures of the Reproductive System
To produce egg and sperm cells
vagina, ovaries, uterus, penis, testes, prostate
Livor Mortis
The pooling of the blood in tissues after death resulting in a reddish color to the skin
Rigor Mortis
stiffness of the body that sets in several hours after death
Algor Mortis
The cooling of the body after death
Levels of organisation in the body
cell, tissue, organ, organ system
4 lobes of the brain
frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal
Function of the frontal lobe
reasoning, planning, part of speech and movement, emotions, problem solving
Function of parietal lobe
processes sensory information
Function of occipital lobe
visual processing
Function of temporal lobe
language processing
TBI vs CTE
TBI: A brain dysfunction caused by an outside force to the head.
CTE: A progressive degeneration, and/or death, of nerve cells caused by repeated head injuries, such as repeated concussions.
Four types of tissue
epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
epithelial tissue
A body tissue that covers the surfaces of the body, inside and out
connective tissue
A body tissue that provides support for the body and connects all of its parts
muscle tissue
A body tissue that contracts or shortens, making body parts move.
nervous tissue
Tissue that senses stimuli and transmits signals.
