Final Flashcards
has two embryonic cell layers; ectoderm and endoderm
diploblast
has three embryonic cell layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
triploblast
each of the three layers of the cells that are formed in the early embryo
germ layer
outermost layer of cell
ectoderm
innermost layer of cell
endoderm
middle layer
mesoderm
a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies
ganglia
living and non-living things when rotated through a center of rotation by more than 0° and less than 360°, exactly match each other in orientation and shape.
radial symmetry
symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane
bilateral symmetry
The formation in animals of a distinct anterior region (the head) where sense organs and a mouth are clustered
cephalization
an internal, usually fluid-filled body cavity that is completely or partially lined with mesoderm
coelom
A bilaterian animal that lacks an internal body cavity (coelom)
acoelomate
an animal that has a true coelom, completely lined with mesoderm
coelomate
A system of body support involving a body wall in tension surrounding a fluid or soft tissue under compression
hydrostatic skeleton
A member of a major lineage of animals that are bilaterally symmetrical at some point in their life cycle, have three embryonic germ layers, and have a coelom (or evolved from ancestors that had a coelom). Includes all protostomes and deuterostomes
Bilateria
A major lineage of bilaterian animals including arthropods, mollusks, and annelids; sister group to deuterostomes
protostome
A major lineage of bilaterian animals that includes echinoderms and chordates; named for the embryonic development of the anus before the mouth; sister group to protostomes
deuterostome
The process of coordinated cell-shaped changes and movements, including the movement of some cells from the outer surface of the embryo to the interior that results in the formation of the three germ layers and establishes the axes of the embryo
gastrulation
A major lineage of protostomes that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies; includes arthropods, nematodes, and other groups
Ecdysozoa
A major lineage of protostomes that grow by extending their skeletons rather than by molting; many phyla have a specialized feeding structure (lophophore) and/or ciliated larvae (trochophore); includes rotifers, flatworms, segmented worms, and mollusks
Lophotrochozoa
Division of the body or a part of it into a series of similar structures; exemplified by the body segments of insects, annelid worms, and vertebrates
segmentation
One of the three major chordate lineages, comprising animals with a dorsal column of cartilaginous or bony structures (vertebrae) and a skull enclosing the brain; includes fishes, amphibians, mammals, and reptiles (including birds)
vertebrates
A non-monophyletic group composed of animals without a backbone; includes about 95 percent of all animal species
invertebrates
a rasping feeding appendage in mollusks such as gastropods
radula
bony and/or cartilaginous structures within the body that provide support
endoskeleton
hard covering secreted on the outside of the body, used for body support, protection, and muscle attachment
exoskeleton
fertilization occurs inside the female
internal fertilization
fertilization occurs outside the female
external fertilization
in animals, depositing fertilized eggs outside the body, where they develop and hatch
oviparous
in animals, producing live young that develop within and are nourished by the body of the female parent, typically via a placenta, before birth
viviparous
in animals, producing eggs that are retained inside the body until they are ready to hatch and released via live birth
ovoviviparous
an immature form of an animal species in which the immature and adult stages have different body forms
larva (plural: larvae)
nymph
In insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, the life stage during which the juvenile form metamorphoses into the adult form
pupa
A type of metamorphosis in which the animal completely changes its form; includes a distinct larval stage
complete metamorphosis
A type of metamorphosis in which the animal increases in size from one stage to the next, but typically does not dramatically change its body form
incomplete metamorphosis
the immotile (sessile) stage in the life cycle of some cnidarians (e.g., sea anemones)
polyp
the free-floating stage in the life cycle of some cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish)
medusa
a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals that comprises the sponges.
Porifera/sponges
a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals that comprises the coelenterates
Cnidaria
a sedentary coelenterate of warm and tropical seas, with a calcareous, horny, or soft skeleton. Most corals are colonial and many rely on the presence of green algae in their tissues to obtain energy from sunlight.
corals
a plant of the buttercup family, typically bearing brightly colored flowers. Anemones are widely distributed in the wild, and several kinds are popular garden plants.
anemones
a coelenterate of an order which includes the hydras. They are distinguished by the dominance of the polyp phase.
hyroids
A gelatinous material, containing scattered ectodermal cells, that is located between the ectoderm and endoderm of cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish, corals, and anemones).
mesoglea
A specialized stinging cell found in cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish, corals, and anemones).
cnidocyte
a small phylum of aquatic invertebrates that comprises the comb jellies.
Ctenophora/comb
simultaneous hermaphrodites, but have no gonads and no ducts associated with the female reproductive system
Acoelomorpha
A specialized feeding structure found in some lophotrochozoans and used in suspension (filter) feeding
lophophore
A larva with a ring of cilia around its middle that is found in some lophotrochozoans
trochophore larva
A protective coating secreted by the outermost layer of cells of an animal or a plant; often functions to reduce evaporative water loss
cuticle
A method of body growth, characteristic of ecdysozoans, that involves the shedding of an external protective cuticle (exoskeleton in arthropods), expansion of the soft body, and growth of a new external cuticle
molting
Prominent body regions in arthropods, such as the head, thorax, and abdomen in insects
tagma (plural tagmata)
The anteriormost region of many bilaterian animals, usually containing specialized sensory structures and the brain
head
A region of the body; in arthropods, one of the three prominent body regions (tagmata), located between the head and abdomen; in vertebrates, including humans, the chest
thorax
A region of the body; in arthropods, one of the three prominent body regions (tagmata), located posterior to the thorax
abdomen
In most of the leg, the exoskeleton is hard, but at the joints it is softer and bendable, allowing movement in the same way that a suit of armor does; most arthropods have them
jointed limb
A structural polysaccharide composed of N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) monomers joined end to end by beta-1,4-glycoside linkages. Found in the cell walls of fungi and many algae, and in external skeletons of insects and crustaceans
chitin
A body cavity, present in arthropods and some mollusks, containing a pool of circulatory fluid (hemolymph) bathing the internal organs; not lined with mesodermally derived tissue
hemocoel
One of the three main parts of the mollusk body; a muscular appendage, used for movements such as crawling and/or burrowing into sediment
foot
One of the three main parts of the mollusk body; contains most of the internal organs and external gill
visceral mass
One of the three main parts of the mollusk body; the thick outer tissue that protects the visceral mass and may secrete a calcium carbonate shell
mantle
functions as a respiratory cavity
mantle cavity
an elongated sucking mouthpart that is typically tubular and flexible.
proboscis
A tubelike appendage of many mollusks, often used for feeding or propulsion
siphon
propulsion by the backward ejection of a high-speed jet of gas or liquid.
jet propulsion
A form of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs
parthenogenesis
a small phylum of minute multicellular aquatic animals which have a characteristic wheel-like ciliated organ used in swimming and feeding.
Rotifera (rotifers)
a part of the body resembling or likened to a crown
corona
development without a metamorphosis
direct development
Distinguished by a broad, flat, unsegmented body that lacks a coelom. Flatworms belong to the lophotrochozoan branch of the protostome animals
Platyhelminthes
free-living flatworms
Turbellaria
a class of parasitic flatworms that comprises the tapeworms.
Cestoda
parasitic flatworms including flukes
Trematoda
the parasite becomes an adult and reproduces sexually
definitive host
the organism in which the parasite primarily grows to the point of sexual maturity
intermediate host
Distinguished by a segmented body and a coelom that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton; belong to lophotrochozoan branch of protostomes
Annelida (segmented worms)
a class of marine annelid worms which comprises the bristle worms.
Polychaeta
Bristle-like extensions found in some annelids
chaeta
appendages found in some annelids from which bristle-like structures (chaetae) extend
parapodium
a class of annelid worms which includes the earthworms. They have simple setae projecting from each segment and a small head lacking sensory appendages
Oligochaeta
class comprising leeches
Hirudinea
A lineage of protostomes with a body plan based on a muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle, includes chitons, clams, oysters, snails, slugs, squid, octopuses, and other
Mollusca/mollusks
A lineage of mollusks, including clams and mussels, that have shells made of two parts, or valves
Bivalvia/bivalves
Any organ in aquatic animals that exchanges gases and other dissolved substances between the blood or hemolymph and the surrounding water. typically filamentous outgrowth of a body surface
gill
the final larval stage of certain mollusks, having two ciliated flaps for swimming and feeding.
veliger
A lineage of mollusks distinguished by a large, muscular foot and a unique feeding structure, the radula. includes slugs and snails
Gastropoda
A rasping feeding appendage in mollusks such as gastropods
radula
Chitons; have a large foot on the ventral side and a shell composed of eight hard plates on the dorsal side
Polyplacophora
A lineage of mollusks including squid, octopuses, and cuttlefish; distinguished by large brains, excellent vision, arms and tentacles, and (in living species) a reduced or absent shell
Cephalopoda
A long, thin, muscular appendage typically used for sensing and feeding. Occurs in different forms in diverse animals, such as cephalopod mollusks and sea anemones
tentacle
the horny projecting jaw of animals
beak
A long appendage of the head that is used to touch or smell
antenna
Distinguished by an unsegmented body with a pseudocoelom and no appendages
Nematoda
Distinguished by a segmented body; a hard, jointed exoskeleton; paired, jointed appendages; and an extensive body cavity called a hemocoel
Arthropoda
A lineage of arthropods with long segmented trunks, each segment bearing one or two pairs of legs; includes millipedes and centipedes
Myriapoda
pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Definitions and circumscriptions vary; usually, insects comprise a class within the Arthropoda
Insecta
a large group of arthropods that comprises the arachnids, sea spiders, and horseshoe crabs. They lack antennae, but possess a pair of chelicerae, a pair of pedipalps, and (typically) four pairs of legs.
Chelicerata
A lineage of mostly terrestrial arthropods that include spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy longlegs, and horseshoe crabs; named for their clawlike appendages called chelicerae
chelicerates
A pair of clawlike appendages found near the mouth of certain arthropods called chelicerates (spiders, mites, and relatives)
chelicera
A lineage of arthropods that includes shrimp, lobsters, and crabs. Many have a carapace (a platelike portion of the exoskeleton covering the cephalothorax) and mandibles for biting or chewing
Crustacea
body can be divided into 5 equal parts
pentaradial symmetry
In echinoderms, a system of fluid-filled tubes and chambers that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton
water vascular system
One of the many small, mobile, fluid-filled extensions of the water vascular system of echinoderms; the part extending outside the body is called a podium, while the bulb within the body is the ampulla. used in locomotion, feeding, and respiration.
tube feet
A major lineage of deuterostomes distinguished by adult bodies with five-sided radial symmetry, a water vascular system, and tube feet. Includes sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea stars
Echinodermata/echinoderms
a class of echinoderms that comprises the starfishes.
Asteroidea
a class of echinoderms that comprises the sea urchins.
Echinoidea
filter-feeding organs found non-vertebrate chordates and hemichordates living in aquatic environments
pharyngeal gill slits
A supportive, flexible rod that occurs in the back of a chordate embryo, ventral to the developing spinal cord. Replaced by vertebrae in most adult vertebrates. A defining feature of chordates
notochord
A bundle of nerves running the length of the body. A characteristic feature of chordates
dorsal hollow nerve cord
extension of the body that runs past the anal opening; found in all chordates
post-anal tail
One of the three major chordate lineages, comprising small, mobile organisms that live in marine sands and suspension feed; also called lancelets or amphioxus
Cephalochordata
One of the three major chordate lineages, comprising sessile or floating, filter-feeding animals that have a polysaccharide covering (tunic) and two siphons through which water enters and exits; include the ascidians, thalaceans, and larvaceans
Urochordata
The cartilaginous or bony elements that form the backbones of vertebrate animals
vertebra (plural: vertebrae)
A type of connective tissue that consists of relatively few cells scattered in a stiff matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers. Provides structural support. found mostly in vertebrates
cartilage
A type of vertebrate connective tissue consisting of living cells and blood vessels within a hard, extracellular matrix composed of calcium phosphate and small amounts of calcium carbonate and protein fibers
bone
each of the upper and lower bony structures in vertebrates forming the framework of the mouth and containing the teeth.
jaws
Vertebrate animals with jaws. most vertebrates
gnathostomes
any member of the vertebrate lineage with two pairs of limbs or that descended from a vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; includes amphibians, mammals, and reptiles (including birds)
tetrapods
an egg that has a watertight shell or case enclosing a membrane-bound water supply (the amnion and chorion), food supply (yolk sac), and waste sac (allantois)
amniotic egg
surrounds the embryo and yolk which it cushions within the shell of the egg
albumen
The innermost of the membranes surrounding the embryo in an amniotic egg
amnion
a vascular fetal membrane of reptiles, birds, or mammals that is formed as a pouch from the hindgut
allantois
outermost fetal membrane around the embryo in mammals, birds and reptiles
chorion
situated on the front (ventral) part of the embryo; it is lined by extra-embryonic endoderm, outside of which is a layer of extra-embryonic mesenchyme, derived from the epiblast.
yolk sac
an organism at an early stage of development; the stage after fertilization and zygote formation
embryo
any of a series of bony or cartilaginous curved bars along the pharynx, supporting the gills of fish and amphibians.
gill arches
“second set” of jaws contained within an animal’s throat, or pharynx, distinct from the primary or oral jaws
pharyngeal jaw
An animal that gains most of its body heat from external sources as opposed to metabolic processes
ectotherm
An animal that gains most of its body heat from internal metabolic processes
endotherm
A structure that forms in the pregnant uterus from parental and embryonic tissues. Delivers oxygen to the embryo/fetus, exchanges nutrients and wastes between the parent and the embryo/fetus, anchors the embryo/fetus to the uterine wall, and produces some hormones. Occurs in most mammals and in a few other vertebrates
placenta
In animal species with live birth (viviparity), the period of development inside the female parent, from implantation of the embryo to birth
gestation
Any action by which an animal expends energy or assumes risks to benefit its offspring (building a nest, feeding and defending young)
parental care
Production of milk by the mammary glands of mammals, to feed offspring
lactation
Specialized exocrine glands that produce and secrete milk for nursing offspring. A diagnostic feature of mammals
mammary gland
hagfish
Myxinoidea
lampreys
Petromyzontidae
a class of fishes that includes those with a cartilaginous skeleton
Chondrichthyes
ray-finned fish
Actinopterygii
large diverse group of bony fishes
Teleostei
A gas-filled organ of many ray-finned fishes; regulates buoyancy
swim bladder
lobe-finned fishes; coelacanths
Actinistia
Ganoid fishes; Ceratodus and Lepidosiren
Dipnoi
freshwater fish; Sarcopterygii
lungfish
A non-monophyletic group of bony fishes (including the living coelacanths and lungfish) that are more closely related to tetrapods than to ray-finned fishes; they have muscular fins with a single bone at the base
lobe-finned fishes
Any member of the vertebrate lineage with two pairs of limbs or that descended from a vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; includes amphibians, mammals, and reptiles (including birds)
Tetrapoda
A lineage of vertebrates, many of which breathe through their skin and feed on land but lay their eggs in water; includes frogs, salamanders, and caecilians
Amphibia/amphibians
legless amphibians
caecilian
A major lineage of vertebrates that reproduce with amniotic eggs. Includes all reptiles and mammals - that is, all tetrapods except amphibians
Amniota
One of the two lineages of amniotes (vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs) distinguished by adaptations for life and reproduction on land. Living reptiles include turtles, snakes, and lizards, crocodiles and alligators, and birds. except for birds, all are typically ectotherms
Reptilia
One of the two lineages of amniotes (vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs) distinguished by hair (or fur) and mammary glands. Includes monotremes (platypus and echidnas), marsupials, and eutherians (placental mammals)
Mammalia
A lineage of mammals that lay eggs and then nourish the young with milk. Includes just five living species: the platypus and four species of echidna, all with leathery beaks or bills
Monotremata/monotremes
A lineage of mammals that nourish their young in an abdominal pouch after a very short period of development in the uterus
Marsupiala/marsupials
A lineage of mammals whose young develop in the uterus and are not housed in an abdominal pouch
placental mammals/eutherians
monophyletic group, containing all descendants of the last common ancestor of squamates and rhynchocephalians.
Lepidosauria
an order of reptiles which comprises the turtles, terrapins, and tortoises. They are distinguished by having a shell of bony plates covered with horny scales, and many kinds are aquatic.
Testudinia
order of large reptiles that appeared 83.5 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period. They are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria.
Crocodilia
a class of vertebrates which comprises the birds.
Aves
The lineage of mammals that includes prosimians (lemurs, lorises, etc.), monkeys, and great apes (including humans)
Primates
non-monophyletic group including all primates that are not anthropoids, including lemurs, lorises, pottos, and tarsiers
prosimian
A major lineage of primates, including humans and the other great apes, gibbons, and all monkeys
anthropoid
Members of the family Hominidae; today’s representatives are humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. Distinguished by large body size, no tail, and an exceptionally large brain
great ape
Any member of the genus Homo, which includes modern humans (Homo sapiens) and several extinct species
human
a fossil bipedal primate with both ape-like and human characteristics, found in Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene deposits (circa 4 million to 1 million years old) in Africa
australopithecines
A recently extinct European species of hominin, Homo neanderthalensis, closely related to but distinct from modern humans
Neanderthal
The hypothesis that modern humans (Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and spread to other continents, replacing other Homo species
out-of-Africa hypothesis
the use of living organisms, usually bacteria or archaea, to degrade environmental pollutants
Bioremediation
A complex community of bacteria enmeshed in a polysaccharide-rich, extracellular matrix that allows the bacteria to attach to a surface
biofilms
transfer of fecal material containing bacteria and natural antibacterial from a healthy individual into a diseased recipient
fecal bacteriotherapy
phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure
firmicutes
distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, called endoflagella which are sometimes called axial filaments
spirochaetes
a phylum of all gram-positive bacteria. They can be terrestrial or aquatic; used as a biopestide
actinobacteria
STD caused by bacteria
chlamydiae
A lineage of photosynthetic bacteria formerly known as blue-green algae. likely the first life-forms to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis
cyanobacteria
phylum of gram-negative bacteria
proteobacteria
probiotics
The theory that infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microbes
germ theory
prokaryotes that were engulfed by host cells and took up a symbiotic existence in those cells
primary endosymbiosis
when a cell engulfed a chloroplast-containing protist and retained its chloroplasts
secondary endosymbiosis
Ability of protists to move
protist motility
Any form of reproduction where offspring inherit DNA that is identical to that of their parent; includes binary fission/fragmentation, budding, and parthenogenesis
asexual reproduction
Reproduction involving meiosis, giving rise to offspring that have genetically unique combinations of genes from their parents
sexual reproduction
Having one set of chromosomes (1n, or more commonly, n for short). A cell or an individual organism with one set of chromosomes
haploid
Having two sets of chromosomes (2n). A cell or an organism with two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from the mother and one set from the father
diploid
Drifting small or microscopic organisms that serve as a food source in aquatic environments (includes animals, plants, protists, archaea, and bacteria)
plankton
a phylum or group of phyla that comprises the single-celled microscopic animals, which include amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans, and many other forms.
protozoa
In organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that arises from a single haploid spore and produces gametes by mitosis and cell division
gametophyte
in organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that develops by mitotic divisions after ferritization produces a zygote
sporophyte
The gamete-forming structure found in all land plants except angiosperms. contains a sperm-producing antheridium and an egg-producing archegonium. The gamete-forming structure of some chytrid fungi
gametangia
the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.
archegonia
the sperm-producing structure in most land plants except angiosperms
antheridia
in vascular plants, a long, thin, water-conducting cell that has pits where its lignin-containing secondary cell wall is absent, allowing water movement between adjacent cells
tracheid
In vascular plants, a short, wide, water-conducting cell that has gaps through both the primary and secondary cell walls, allowing unimpeded passage of water between adjacent cells
vessel elements
A vascular plant that makes seeds but does not produce flowers; include five lineages of green plants (cycads, ginkgoes, redwoods, pines, and gnetophytes)
gymnosperm
A flowering vascular plants that produce seeds within mature ovaries (fruits). Form a single lineage
angiosperm
Pollen-producing structure at the end of a stamen in flowering plants
anther
The egg-producing organ of a female or hermaphroditic animal, or the fruit- and seed-producing structure in the female or hermaphroditic part of a flower
ovary
female productive organ in a flower; consists of the stigma, to which pollen grains adhere; style, through which the pollen tube grows; and ovary, which houses the ovule
carpel
male reproductive structure of a flower; consists of an anther, in which pollen grains are produced, and a filament, which supports the anther
stamen
one of the protective leaflike organs enclosing a flower bud and, after blooming, the outermost porth of the flower
sepal
the outer part of a flower, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals).
perianth
one of the long, branching strands of fungal mycelium (the mesh-like body of a fungus). also found in some protists
hyphae
A mass of underground filaments (hyphae) that form the body of a fungus. also found in some protists and bacteria
mycelia
heterokaryotic
Describing a fungal mycelium containing haploid nuclei that are genetically distinct
Describing a fungal mycelium or hypha made up of cells containing two genetically distinct haploid nuclei
dikaryotic
fusion of the cytoplasm of two individuals; occurs in many fungi
plasmogamy
A structure formed in some prokaryotes, fungi, and protists for spore dispersal; usually consists of a base, a stalk, and a mass of spores at the top
fruiting bodies
