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Final Flashcards

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1
Q

has two embryonic cell layers; ectoderm and endoderm

A

diploblast

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2
Q

has three embryonic cell layers; ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

A

triploblast

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3
Q

each of the three layers of the cells that are formed in the early embryo

A

germ layer

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4
Q

outermost layer of cell

A

ectoderm

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5
Q

innermost layer of cell

A

endoderm

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6
Q

middle layer

A

mesoderm

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7
Q

a structure containing a number of nerve cell bodies

A

ganglia

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8
Q

living and non-living things when rotated through a center of rotation by more than 0° and less than 360°, exactly match each other in orientation and shape.

A

radial symmetry

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9
Q

symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane

A

bilateral symmetry

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10
Q

The formation in animals of a distinct anterior region (the head) where sense organs and a mouth are clustered

A

cephalization

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11
Q

an internal, usually fluid-filled body cavity that is completely or partially lined with mesoderm

A

coelom

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12
Q

A bilaterian animal that lacks an internal body cavity (coelom)

A

acoelomate

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13
Q

an animal that has a true coelom, completely lined with mesoderm

A

coelomate

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14
Q

A system of body support involving a body wall in tension surrounding a fluid or soft tissue under compression

A

hydrostatic skeleton

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15
Q

A member of a major lineage of animals that are bilaterally symmetrical at some point in their life cycle, have three embryonic germ layers, and have a coelom (or evolved from ancestors that had a coelom). Includes all protostomes and deuterostomes

A

Bilateria

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16
Q

A major lineage of bilaterian animals including arthropods, mollusks, and annelids; sister group to deuterostomes

A

protostome

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17
Q

A major lineage of bilaterian animals that includes echinoderms and chordates; named for the embryonic development of the anus before the mouth; sister group to protostomes

A

deuterostome

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18
Q

The process of coordinated cell-shaped changes and movements, including the movement of some cells from the outer surface of the embryo to the interior that results in the formation of the three germ layers and establishes the axes of the embryo

A

gastrulation

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19
Q

A major lineage of protostomes that grow by shedding their external skeletons (molting) and expanding their bodies; includes arthropods, nematodes, and other groups

A

Ecdysozoa

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20
Q

A major lineage of protostomes that grow by extending their skeletons rather than by molting; many phyla have a specialized feeding structure (lophophore) and/or ciliated larvae (trochophore); includes rotifers, flatworms, segmented worms, and mollusks

A

Lophotrochozoa

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21
Q

Division of the body or a part of it into a series of similar structures; exemplified by the body segments of insects, annelid worms, and vertebrates

A

segmentation

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22
Q

One of the three major chordate lineages, comprising animals with a dorsal column of cartilaginous or bony structures (vertebrae) and a skull enclosing the brain; includes fishes, amphibians, mammals, and reptiles (including birds)

A

vertebrates

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23
Q

A non-monophyletic group composed of animals without a backbone; includes about 95 percent of all animal species

A

invertebrates

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24
Q

a rasping feeding appendage in mollusks such as gastropods

A

radula

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25
Q

bony and/or cartilaginous structures within the body that provide support

A

endoskeleton

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26
Q

hard covering secreted on the outside of the body, used for body support, protection, and muscle attachment

A

exoskeleton

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27
Q

fertilization occurs inside the female

A

internal fertilization

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28
Q

fertilization occurs outside the female

A

external fertilization

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29
Q

in animals, depositing fertilized eggs outside the body, where they develop and hatch

A

oviparous

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30
Q

in animals, producing live young that develop within and are nourished by the body of the female parent, typically via a placenta, before birth

A

viviparous

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31
Q

in animals, producing eggs that are retained inside the body until they are ready to hatch and released via live birth

A

ovoviviparous

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32
Q

an immature form of an animal species in which the immature and adult stages have different body forms

A

larva (plural: larvae)

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33
Q
A

nymph

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34
Q

In insects undergoing complete metamorphosis, the life stage during which the juvenile form metamorphoses into the adult form

A

pupa

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35
Q

A type of metamorphosis in which the animal completely changes its form; includes a distinct larval stage

A

complete metamorphosis

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36
Q

A type of metamorphosis in which the animal increases in size from one stage to the next, but typically does not dramatically change its body form

A

incomplete metamorphosis

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37
Q

the immotile (sessile) stage in the life cycle of some cnidarians (e.g., sea anemones)

A

polyp

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38
Q

the free-floating stage in the life cycle of some cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish)

A

medusa

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39
Q

a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals that comprises the sponges.

A

Porifera/sponges

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40
Q

a phylum of aquatic invertebrate animals that comprises the coelenterates

A

Cnidaria

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41
Q

a sedentary coelenterate of warm and tropical seas, with a calcareous, horny, or soft skeleton. Most corals are colonial and many rely on the presence of green algae in their tissues to obtain energy from sunlight.

A

corals

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42
Q

a plant of the buttercup family, typically bearing brightly colored flowers. Anemones are widely distributed in the wild, and several kinds are popular garden plants.

A

anemones

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43
Q

a coelenterate of an order which includes the hydras. They are distinguished by the dominance of the polyp phase.

A

hyroids

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44
Q

A gelatinous material, containing scattered ectodermal cells, that is located between the ectoderm and endoderm of cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish, corals, and anemones).

A

mesoglea

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45
Q

A specialized stinging cell found in cnidarians (e.g., jellyfish, corals, and anemones).

A

cnidocyte

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46
Q

a small phylum of aquatic invertebrates that comprises the comb jellies.

A

Ctenophora/comb

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47
Q

simultaneous hermaphrodites, but have no gonads and no ducts associated with the female reproductive system

A

Acoelomorpha

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48
Q

A specialized feeding structure found in some lophotrochozoans and used in suspension (filter) feeding

A

lophophore

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49
Q

A larva with a ring of cilia around its middle that is found in some lophotrochozoans

A

trochophore larva

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50
Q

A protective coating secreted by the outermost layer of cells of an animal or a plant; often functions to reduce evaporative water loss

A

cuticle

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51
Q

A method of body growth, characteristic of ecdysozoans, that involves the shedding of an external protective cuticle (exoskeleton in arthropods), expansion of the soft body, and growth of a new external cuticle

A

molting

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52
Q

Prominent body regions in arthropods, such as the head, thorax, and abdomen in insects

A

tagma (plural tagmata)

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53
Q

The anteriormost region of many bilaterian animals, usually containing specialized sensory structures and the brain

A

head

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54
Q

A region of the body; in arthropods, one of the three prominent body regions (tagmata), located between the head and abdomen; in vertebrates, including humans, the chest

A

thorax

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55
Q

A region of the body; in arthropods, one of the three prominent body regions (tagmata), located posterior to the thorax

A

abdomen

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56
Q

In most of the leg, the exoskeleton is hard, but at the joints it is softer and bendable, allowing movement in the same way that a suit of armor does; most arthropods have them

A

jointed limb

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57
Q

A structural polysaccharide composed of N-acetyl-glucosamine (NAG) monomers joined end to end by beta-1,4-glycoside linkages. Found in the cell walls of fungi and many algae, and in external skeletons of insects and crustaceans

A

chitin

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58
Q

A body cavity, present in arthropods and some mollusks, containing a pool of circulatory fluid (hemolymph) bathing the internal organs; not lined with mesodermally derived tissue

A

hemocoel

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59
Q

One of the three main parts of the mollusk body; a muscular appendage, used for movements such as crawling and/or burrowing into sediment

A

foot

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60
Q

One of the three main parts of the mollusk body; contains most of the internal organs and external gill

A

visceral mass

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61
Q

One of the three main parts of the mollusk body; the thick outer tissue that protects the visceral mass and may secrete a calcium carbonate shell

A

mantle

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61
Q

functions as a respiratory cavity

A

mantle cavity

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62
Q

an elongated sucking mouthpart that is typically tubular and flexible.

A

proboscis

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63
Q

A tubelike appendage of many mollusks, often used for feeding or propulsion

A

siphon

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64
Q

propulsion by the backward ejection of a high-speed jet of gas or liquid.

A

jet propulsion

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65
Q

A form of asexual reproduction in which offspring develop from unfertilized eggs

A

parthenogenesis

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66
Q

a small phylum of minute multicellular aquatic animals which have a characteristic wheel-like ciliated organ used in swimming and feeding.

A

Rotifera (rotifers)

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67
Q

a part of the body resembling or likened to a crown

A

corona

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68
Q

development without a metamorphosis

A

direct development

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69
Q

Distinguished by a broad, flat, unsegmented body that lacks a coelom. Flatworms belong to the lophotrochozoan branch of the protostome animals

A

Platyhelminthes

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70
Q

free-living flatworms

A

Turbellaria

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71
Q

a class of parasitic flatworms that comprises the tapeworms.

A

Cestoda

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72
Q

parasitic flatworms including flukes

A

Trematoda

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73
Q

the parasite becomes an adult and reproduces sexually

A

definitive host

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74
Q

the organism in which the parasite primarily grows to the point of sexual maturity

A

intermediate host

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75
Q

Distinguished by a segmented body and a coelom that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton; belong to lophotrochozoan branch of protostomes

A

Annelida (segmented worms)

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76
Q

a class of marine annelid worms which comprises the bristle worms.

A

Polychaeta

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77
Q

Bristle-like extensions found in some annelids

A

chaeta

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78
Q

appendages found in some annelids from which bristle-like structures (chaetae) extend

A

parapodium

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79
Q

a class of annelid worms which includes the earthworms. They have simple setae projecting from each segment and a small head lacking sensory appendages

A

Oligochaeta

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80
Q

class comprising leeches

A

Hirudinea

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81
Q

A lineage of protostomes with a body plan based on a muscular foot, visceral mass, and mantle, includes chitons, clams, oysters, snails, slugs, squid, octopuses, and other

A

Mollusca/mollusks

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82
Q

A lineage of mollusks, including clams and mussels, that have shells made of two parts, or valves

A

Bivalvia/bivalves

83
Q

Any organ in aquatic animals that exchanges gases and other dissolved substances between the blood or hemolymph and the surrounding water. typically filamentous outgrowth of a body surface

A

gill

84
Q

the final larval stage of certain mollusks, having two ciliated flaps for swimming and feeding.

A

veliger

85
Q

A lineage of mollusks distinguished by a large, muscular foot and a unique feeding structure, the radula. includes slugs and snails

A

Gastropoda

86
Q

A rasping feeding appendage in mollusks such as gastropods

A

radula

87
Q

Chitons; have a large foot on the ventral side and a shell composed of eight hard plates on the dorsal side

A

Polyplacophora

88
Q

A lineage of mollusks including squid, octopuses, and cuttlefish; distinguished by large brains, excellent vision, arms and tentacles, and (in living species) a reduced or absent shell

A

Cephalopoda

89
Q

A long, thin, muscular appendage typically used for sensing and feeding. Occurs in different forms in diverse animals, such as cephalopod mollusks and sea anemones

A

tentacle

90
Q

the horny projecting jaw of animals

A

beak

91
Q

A long appendage of the head that is used to touch or smell

A

antenna

92
Q

Distinguished by an unsegmented body with a pseudocoelom and no appendages

A

Nematoda

93
Q

Distinguished by a segmented body; a hard, jointed exoskeleton; paired, jointed appendages; and an extensive body cavity called a hemocoel

A

Arthropoda

94
Q

A lineage of arthropods with long segmented trunks, each segment bearing one or two pairs of legs; includes millipedes and centipedes

A

Myriapoda

95
Q

pancrustacean hexapod invertebrates and the largest group within the arthropod phylum. Definitions and circumscriptions vary; usually, insects comprise a class within the Arthropoda

A

Insecta

96
Q

a large group of arthropods that comprises the arachnids, sea spiders, and horseshoe crabs. They lack antennae, but possess a pair of chelicerae, a pair of pedipalps, and (typically) four pairs of legs.

A

Chelicerata

97
Q

A lineage of mostly terrestrial arthropods that include spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites, daddy longlegs, and horseshoe crabs; named for their clawlike appendages called chelicerae

A

chelicerates

98
Q

A pair of clawlike appendages found near the mouth of certain arthropods called chelicerates (spiders, mites, and relatives)

A

chelicera

99
Q

A lineage of arthropods that includes shrimp, lobsters, and crabs. Many have a carapace (a platelike portion of the exoskeleton covering the cephalothorax) and mandibles for biting or chewing

A

Crustacea

100
Q

body can be divided into 5 equal parts

A

pentaradial symmetry

101
Q

In echinoderms, a system of fluid-filled tubes and chambers that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton

A

water vascular system

102
Q

One of the many small, mobile, fluid-filled extensions of the water vascular system of echinoderms; the part extending outside the body is called a podium, while the bulb within the body is the ampulla. used in locomotion, feeding, and respiration.

A

tube feet

103
Q

A major lineage of deuterostomes distinguished by adult bodies with five-sided radial symmetry, a water vascular system, and tube feet. Includes sea urchins, sand dollars, and sea stars

A

Echinodermata/echinoderms

104
Q

a class of echinoderms that comprises the starfishes.

A

Asteroidea

105
Q

a class of echinoderms that comprises the sea urchins.

A

Echinoidea

106
Q

filter-feeding organs found non-vertebrate chordates and hemichordates living in aquatic environments

A

pharyngeal gill slits

107
Q

A supportive, flexible rod that occurs in the back of a chordate embryo, ventral to the developing spinal cord. Replaced by vertebrae in most adult vertebrates. A defining feature of chordates

A

notochord

108
Q

A bundle of nerves running the length of the body. A characteristic feature of chordates

A

dorsal hollow nerve cord

109
Q

extension of the body that runs past the anal opening; found in all chordates

A

post-anal tail

110
Q

One of the three major chordate lineages, comprising small, mobile organisms that live in marine sands and suspension feed; also called lancelets or amphioxus

A

Cephalochordata

111
Q

One of the three major chordate lineages, comprising sessile or floating, filter-feeding animals that have a polysaccharide covering (tunic) and two siphons through which water enters and exits; include the ascidians, thalaceans, and larvaceans

A

Urochordata

112
Q

The cartilaginous or bony elements that form the backbones of vertebrate animals

A

vertebra (plural: vertebrae)

113
Q

A type of connective tissue that consists of relatively few cells scattered in a stiff matrix of polysaccharides and protein fibers. Provides structural support. found mostly in vertebrates

A

cartilage

114
Q

A type of vertebrate connective tissue consisting of living cells and blood vessels within a hard, extracellular matrix composed of calcium phosphate and small amounts of calcium carbonate and protein fibers

A

bone

115
Q

each of the upper and lower bony structures in vertebrates forming the framework of the mouth and containing the teeth.

A

jaws

116
Q

Vertebrate animals with jaws. most vertebrates

A

gnathostomes

117
Q

any member of the vertebrate lineage with two pairs of limbs or that descended from a vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; includes amphibians, mammals, and reptiles (including birds)

A

tetrapods

118
Q

an egg that has a watertight shell or case enclosing a membrane-bound water supply (the amnion and chorion), food supply (yolk sac), and waste sac (allantois)

A

amniotic egg

119
Q

surrounds the embryo and yolk which it cushions within the shell of the egg

A

albumen

120
Q

The innermost of the membranes surrounding the embryo in an amniotic egg

A

amnion

121
Q

a vascular fetal membrane of reptiles, birds, or mammals that is formed as a pouch from the hindgut

A

allantois

122
Q

outermost fetal membrane around the embryo in mammals, birds and reptiles

A

chorion

123
Q

situated on the front (ventral) part of the embryo; it is lined by extra-embryonic endoderm, outside of which is a layer of extra-embryonic mesenchyme, derived from the epiblast.

A

yolk sac

124
Q

an organism at an early stage of development; the stage after fertilization and zygote formation

A

embryo

125
Q

any of a series of bony or cartilaginous curved bars along the pharynx, supporting the gills of fish and amphibians.

A

gill arches

126
Q

“second set” of jaws contained within an animal’s throat, or pharynx, distinct from the primary or oral jaws

A

pharyngeal jaw

127
Q

An animal that gains most of its body heat from external sources as opposed to metabolic processes

A

ectotherm

128
Q

An animal that gains most of its body heat from internal metabolic processes

A

endotherm

129
Q

A structure that forms in the pregnant uterus from parental and embryonic tissues. Delivers oxygen to the embryo/fetus, exchanges nutrients and wastes between the parent and the embryo/fetus, anchors the embryo/fetus to the uterine wall, and produces some hormones. Occurs in most mammals and in a few other vertebrates

A

placenta

130
Q

In animal species with live birth (viviparity), the period of development inside the female parent, from implantation of the embryo to birth

A

gestation

131
Q

Any action by which an animal expends energy or assumes risks to benefit its offspring (building a nest, feeding and defending young)

A

parental care

132
Q

Production of milk by the mammary glands of mammals, to feed offspring

A

lactation

133
Q

Specialized exocrine glands that produce and secrete milk for nursing offspring. A diagnostic feature of mammals

A

mammary gland

134
Q

hagfish

A

Myxinoidea

135
Q

lampreys

A

Petromyzontidae

136
Q

a class of fishes that includes those with a cartilaginous skeleton

A

Chondrichthyes

137
Q

ray-finned fish

A

Actinopterygii

138
Q

large diverse group of bony fishes

A

Teleostei

139
Q

A gas-filled organ of many ray-finned fishes; regulates buoyancy

A

swim bladder

140
Q

lobe-finned fishes; coelacanths

A

Actinistia

141
Q

Ganoid fishes; Ceratodus and Lepidosiren

A

Dipnoi

142
Q

freshwater fish; Sarcopterygii

A

lungfish

143
Q

A non-monophyletic group of bony fishes (including the living coelacanths and lungfish) that are more closely related to tetrapods than to ray-finned fishes; they have muscular fins with a single bone at the base

A

lobe-finned fishes

144
Q

Any member of the vertebrate lineage with two pairs of limbs or that descended from a vertebrate with two pairs of limbs; includes amphibians, mammals, and reptiles (including birds)

A

Tetrapoda

145
Q

A lineage of vertebrates, many of which breathe through their skin and feed on land but lay their eggs in water; includes frogs, salamanders, and caecilians

A

Amphibia/amphibians

146
Q

legless amphibians

A

caecilian

147
Q

A major lineage of vertebrates that reproduce with amniotic eggs. Includes all reptiles and mammals - that is, all tetrapods except amphibians

A

Amniota

148
Q

One of the two lineages of amniotes (vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs) distinguished by adaptations for life and reproduction on land. Living reptiles include turtles, snakes, and lizards, crocodiles and alligators, and birds. except for birds, all are typically ectotherms

A

Reptilia

149
Q

One of the two lineages of amniotes (vertebrates that produce amniotic eggs) distinguished by hair (or fur) and mammary glands. Includes monotremes (platypus and echidnas), marsupials, and eutherians (placental mammals)

A

Mammalia

150
Q

A lineage of mammals that lay eggs and then nourish the young with milk. Includes just five living species: the platypus and four species of echidna, all with leathery beaks or bills

A

Monotremata/monotremes

151
Q

A lineage of mammals that nourish their young in an abdominal pouch after a very short period of development in the uterus

A

Marsupiala/marsupials

152
Q

A lineage of mammals whose young develop in the uterus and are not housed in an abdominal pouch

A

placental mammals/eutherians

153
Q

monophyletic group, containing all descendants of the last common ancestor of squamates and rhynchocephalians.

A

Lepidosauria

154
Q

an order of reptiles which comprises the turtles, terrapins, and tortoises. They are distinguished by having a shell of bony plates covered with horny scales, and many kinds are aquatic.

A

Testudinia

155
Q

order of large reptiles that appeared 83.5 million years ago in the Late Cretaceous period. They are the closest living relatives of birds, as the two groups are the only known survivors of the Archosauria.

A

Crocodilia

156
Q

a class of vertebrates which comprises the birds.

A

Aves

157
Q

The lineage of mammals that includes prosimians (lemurs, lorises, etc.), monkeys, and great apes (including humans)

A

Primates

158
Q

non-monophyletic group including all primates that are not anthropoids, including lemurs, lorises, pottos, and tarsiers

A

prosimian

159
Q

A major lineage of primates, including humans and the other great apes, gibbons, and all monkeys

A

anthropoid

160
Q

Members of the family Hominidae; today’s representatives are humans, chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas, and orangutans. Distinguished by large body size, no tail, and an exceptionally large brain

A

great ape

161
Q

Any member of the genus Homo, which includes modern humans (Homo sapiens) and several extinct species

A

human

162
Q

a fossil bipedal primate with both ape-like and human characteristics, found in Pliocene and Lower Pleistocene deposits (circa 4 million to 1 million years old) in Africa

A

australopithecines

163
Q

A recently extinct European species of hominin, Homo neanderthalensis, closely related to but distinct from modern humans

A

Neanderthal

164
Q

The hypothesis that modern humans (Homo sapiens evolved in Africa and spread to other continents, replacing other Homo species

A

out-of-Africa hypothesis

165
Q

the use of living organisms, usually bacteria or archaea, to degrade environmental pollutants

A

Bioremediation

166
Q

A complex community of bacteria enmeshed in a polysaccharide-rich, extracellular matrix that allows the bacteria to attach to a surface

A

biofilms

167
Q

transfer of fecal material containing bacteria and natural antibacterial from a healthy individual into a diseased recipient

A

fecal bacteriotherapy

168
Q

phylum of bacteria, most of which have gram-positive cell wall structure

A

firmicutes

169
Q

distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, called endoflagella which are sometimes called axial filaments

A

spirochaetes

170
Q

a phylum of all gram-positive bacteria. They can be terrestrial or aquatic; used as a biopestide

A

actinobacteria

171
Q

STD caused by bacteria

A

chlamydiae

172
Q

A lineage of photosynthetic bacteria formerly known as blue-green algae. likely the first life-forms to carry out oxygenic photosynthesis

A

cyanobacteria

173
Q

phylum of gram-negative bacteria

A

proteobacteria

174
Q
A

probiotics

175
Q

The theory that infectious diseases are caused by bacteria, viruses, and other microbes

A

germ theory

176
Q

prokaryotes that were engulfed by host cells and took up a symbiotic existence in those cells

A

primary endosymbiosis

177
Q

when a cell engulfed a chloroplast-containing protist and retained its chloroplasts

A

secondary endosymbiosis

178
Q

Ability of protists to move

A

protist motility

179
Q

Any form of reproduction where offspring inherit DNA that is identical to that of their parent; includes binary fission/fragmentation, budding, and parthenogenesis

A

asexual reproduction

180
Q

Reproduction involving meiosis, giving rise to offspring that have genetically unique combinations of genes from their parents

A

sexual reproduction

181
Q

Having one set of chromosomes (1n, or more commonly, n for short). A cell or an individual organism with one set of chromosomes

A

haploid

182
Q

Having two sets of chromosomes (2n). A cell or an organism with two sets of chromosomes, one set inherited from the mother and one set from the father

A

diploid

183
Q

Drifting small or microscopic organisms that serve as a food source in aquatic environments (includes animals, plants, protists, archaea, and bacteria)

A

plankton

184
Q

a phylum or group of phyla that comprises the single-celled microscopic animals, which include amoebas, flagellates, ciliates, sporozoans, and many other forms.

A

protozoa

185
Q

In organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular haploid form that arises from a single haploid spore and produces gametes by mitosis and cell division

A

gametophyte

186
Q

in organisms undergoing alternation of generations, the multicellular diploid form that develops by mitotic divisions after ferritization produces a zygote

A

sporophyte

187
Q

The gamete-forming structure found in all land plants except angiosperms. contains a sperm-producing antheridium and an egg-producing archegonium. The gamete-forming structure of some chytrid fungi

A

gametangia

188
Q

the female sex organ in mosses, liverworts, ferns, and most conifers.

A

archegonia

189
Q

the sperm-producing structure in most land plants except angiosperms

A

antheridia

190
Q

in vascular plants, a long, thin, water-conducting cell that has pits where its lignin-containing secondary cell wall is absent, allowing water movement between adjacent cells

A

tracheid

191
Q

In vascular plants, a short, wide, water-conducting cell that has gaps through both the primary and secondary cell walls, allowing unimpeded passage of water between adjacent cells

A

vessel elements

192
Q

A vascular plant that makes seeds but does not produce flowers; include five lineages of green plants (cycads, ginkgoes, redwoods, pines, and gnetophytes)

A

gymnosperm

193
Q

A flowering vascular plants that produce seeds within mature ovaries (fruits). Form a single lineage

A

angiosperm

194
Q

Pollen-producing structure at the end of a stamen in flowering plants

A

anther

195
Q

The egg-producing organ of a female or hermaphroditic animal, or the fruit- and seed-producing structure in the female or hermaphroditic part of a flower

A

ovary

196
Q

female productive organ in a flower; consists of the stigma, to which pollen grains adhere; style, through which the pollen tube grows; and ovary, which houses the ovule

A

carpel

197
Q

male reproductive structure of a flower; consists of an anther, in which pollen grains are produced, and a filament, which supports the anther

A

stamen

198
Q

one of the protective leaflike organs enclosing a flower bud and, after blooming, the outermost porth of the flower

A

sepal

199
Q

the outer part of a flower, consisting of the calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals).

A

perianth

200
Q

one of the long, branching strands of fungal mycelium (the mesh-like body of a fungus). also found in some protists

A

hyphae

201
Q

A mass of underground filaments (hyphae) that form the body of a fungus. also found in some protists and bacteria

A

mycelia

202
Q

heterokaryotic

A

Describing a fungal mycelium containing haploid nuclei that are genetically distinct

203
Q

Describing a fungal mycelium or hypha made up of cells containing two genetically distinct haploid nuclei

A

dikaryotic

204
Q

fusion of the cytoplasm of two individuals; occurs in many fungi

A

plasmogamy

205
Q

A structure formed in some prokaryotes, fungi, and protists for spore dispersal; usually consists of a base, a stalk, and a mass of spores at the top

A

fruiting bodies

General Biology 2 (8 decks)

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