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General Biology 2 > Exam 1 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 1 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

refers to an organism’s physical structure or form

A

anatomy

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2
Q

study of how the physical structures in an organism function

A

physiology

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3
Q

study of anatomy and physiology is the study of _______________

A

adaptations

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4
Q

traits that make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce in a certain environment better than individuals that lack those traits

A

heritable traits

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5
Q

inescapable compromises between traits

A

trade-offs

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6
Q

genetic change in a population in response to natural selection exerted by the environment

A

adaptation

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7
Q

phenotypic change that occurs in an individual in response to environmental fluctuations

A

acclimatization

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8
Q

refers to changes that occur in an organism in a laboratory

A

acclimation

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9
Q

consists of root and shoot systems

A

plant body

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10
Q

anchors the plant and takes in water and nutrients from the soil

A

root system

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11
Q

harvests light and CO_2 from the atmosphere to produce sugars

A

shoot system

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12
Q

form that change with environmental conoditions

A

phenotypic plasticity

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13
Q

roots that grow from the shoot system

A

adventitious

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14
Q

location where leaves are attached

A

nodes

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15
Q

segments between nodes

A

internodes

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16
Q

form at nodes just above the site of leaf attachment

A

axillary buds

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17
Q

modified stems that grow horizontally aboveground, producing adventitious roots and leaves at each node

A

stolons

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18
Q

stems that grow horizontally below ground and function in asexual reproduction

A

rhizomes

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19
Q

underground, swollen rhizomes that function as carbohydrate-storage organs

A

tubers

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20
Q

modified stems that protect plants

A

thorns

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21
Q

leaf that has two main structures - an expanded blade and a stalk called a petiole

A

simple leaf

22
Q

leaf in which the blade is divided into a series of leaflets

A

compound leaf

23
Q

have relatively small surface area, reducing water loss in areas of the body where light is abundant

A

sun leaves

24
Q

relatively large and broad, providing a high surface area to maximize photon absorption

A

shade leaves

25
Q

store nutrients

A

onion bulbs

26
Q

store water

A

leaves of succulents

27
Q

enable vines to climb

A

tendrils

28
Q

attract pollinators

A

bright red leaves of poinsettias

29
Q

trap insects

A

tubelike leaves of pitcher plants trap insects

30
Q

protect the stem

A

cactus spines

31
Q

site of photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts

32
Q

contain an aqueous solution called cell sap and store waste, water, and nutrients

A

vacuoles

33
Q

connects plant cells

A

plasmodesmata

34
Q

consist of a single cell type

A

simple tissues

35
Q

contain several types of cells

A

complex tissues

36
Q

three tissue systems found in plants

A

-dermal tissue system
-ground tissue system
-vascular tissue system

37
Q

group of similar cells that work together as a unit to perform the same function

A

tissue

38
Q

four types of animal tissue

A

-connective
-nervous
-muscle
-epithelial

39
Q

secrete a waxy cuticle to reduce water loss and protect against pathogens to protect the surface of the plant

A

epidermal cells

40
Q

surrounded by two specialized guard cells, which change shape to open and close the stoma in order to regulate gas exchange and water loss

A

stomata

41
Q

hairlike appendages made up of specialized epidermal cells that perform various functions: keep the plant’s surface cool by reflecting sunlight, reduce water loss, provide barbs and toxins to protect them from herbivores, and trap and digest herbivores

A

trichomes

42
Q

complex tissue made up of three distinct tissues: parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma; most photosynthesis and carbohydrate storage takes place here

A

ground tissue system

43
Q

simple tissue that consists of “workhouse” cells; primary site of photosynthesis in leaves & store starch granules in roots

A

parenchyma

44
Q

simple tissue that functions primarily in shoot support; provide flexible structural support to actively growing parts of the plant

A
45
Q

complex tissue with two types of cells: elongated fibers and short sclereids with variable shapes that function to support stems and other structures after growth has ceased

A

sclerenchyma

46
Q

made up of two complex tissues: zylem and phloem

A

vascular tissue system

47
Q

conducts water and dissolved nutrients from the root system to the shoot system

A

xylem

48
Q

contains pits through which water moves

A

tracheids

49
Q

contains perforations for water transport

A

vessel elements

50
Q

conducts sugars, amino acids, hormones, and other substances from roots to shoots and from shoots to roots

A

phloem

51
Q

long, thin cells with perforated ends called sieve plates

A

sieve-tube elements

General Biology 2 (8 decks)

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