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General Biology 2 > Bacteria & Archaea Terms > Flashcards

Bacteria & Archaea Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Koch’s Postulates 1

A

the microbe must be present in individuals suffering from the disease and absent in healthy individuals

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2
Q

Koch’s Postulates 2

A

the microbe must be isolated in grown in pure culture

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3
Q

Koch’s Postulates 3

A

Injection of the microbe (from the pure culture) into a healthy animal should cause the disease symptoms to appear

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4
Q

Koch’s Postulates 4

A

the microbe should be isolatable again from the disease animal and shown to be identical in size, shape, and color to the original microbe

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5
Q

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) argued that “germs” were the cause of human disease

A

Germ Theory

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6
Q

Bacteria can live on mucilage substrate to form colonies

A

Biofilms

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7
Q

Tooth decay is the result of chemical produced by

A

bacteria

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8
Q

plaque consists of ____________ and _____________

A

bacteria; mucilage

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9
Q

Only ________ species of bacteria and archaea have been named and described

A

5000

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10
Q

How many species of bacteria live in the human digestive tract?

A

over 400

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11
Q

how many species of bacteria live in the lining of the human stomach?

A

about 128

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12
Q

how many species of bacteria live in the human mouth?

A

approximately 500

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13
Q

Penicillin mode of action

A

prevents the cross-linking of small peptide chains in peptidoglycan, the main wall polymer of bacteria; pre-existing cells are unaffected but all newly produced cells grow abnormally, unable to maintain their wall rigidity, and they are susceptible to osmotic lysis

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14
Q

Introduction of live “friendly” bacteria into a patient’s digestive tract

A

Probiotics

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15
Q

infusions of human fecal flora in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome, and chronic constipation

A

bacteriotherapy

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16
Q

ecological importance of bacteria

A

-co-exist with other organisms just as they do with us
-many amphibian species have natural bacteria that fight off fungal infections
-decomposition & dentrification

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17
Q

stage 1of bioremediation

A

fertilizing contaminated sites to encourage the growth of existing bacteria and archaea that degrade toxic compounds

18
Q

stage 2 of bioremediation

A

“seeding” or adding specific species of bacteria and archaea to contaminated sites

19
Q

lack a nucleus

A

prokaryotes

20
Q

have a nucleus

A

eukaryotes

21
Q

prokaryotes are a ________________ group

A

paraphyletic

22
Q

common features of prokaryotes (bacteria + archaea)

A

-absence of a nucleus, membrane-enclosed cytoplasmic organelles, cytoskeleton
-unicellularity
-presence of DNA, RNA, enzymes to transcribe and translate genetic code into protein
-binary fission vs. mitosis

23
Q

bacteria is a ____________ clade

A

monophyletic

24
Q

shared traits for bacteria

A

-circular DNA molecule; not in nucleus
-no membrane-bound cytoplasmic organelles
-no cytoskeleton
-no mitosis, nistead fission

25
Q

thick layer of peptidoglycan in cell walls

A

Gram positive

26
Q

thin layer of peptidoglycan in cell walls

A

Gram negative

27
Q

Evidence that Archaea and Eukarya are more closely related than bacteria

A

“Signature” rRNA sequence found in all tested Archaea and Eukarya and no Bacteria

28
Q

frequently live in extreme habitats
-extreme salinity, low oxygen, high temps, high or low pH

A

Archaea

29
Q

Synapomorphies for Archaea

A

-absence of peptidoglycan in cell walls
-many unique genes
-unique lipids in cell membrane

30
Q

Habitat of Archaea

A

-hot (thermophilic)
-acidic (acidophilic)
-animal guts (anaerobic methanogens)

31
Q

thermophilic and acidophilic; Yellowstone hot springs

A

Crenarchaeota

32
Q

some are methanogens; others halophilic, thermophilic, Deep Ocean Vents

A

Euryarchaeota

33
Q

abundant in oceans, mesophilic

A

Thaumarchaeota

34
Q

Some found in hot springs

A

Korarchaeota

35
Q

Parasite of another archaea

A

Nanoarchaeota

36
Q

-low GC Gram positive
-most are coccus and bacillus shaped
-some members are extremely common in human gut
-some members used to ferment dairy products

A

firmicutes

37
Q

-high GC Gram positive
-share similar structures to fungus (mycelia) - originally classified as Actinomyces
-streptomyces genus is a huge source of antibiotics used in medicine today

A

Actinobacteria

38
Q

-distinguished by their corkscrew shape and flagella (whip like tail)
-both syphilis and Lyme disease are caused by this bacteria

A

spirochaetes

39
Q

-coccus shaped
-all known species are parasitic
-STD chlamydia is from this group

A

Chlamydiae

40
Q

-also ‘purple bacteria’
-mitochondria of eukaryotes derived from species of this group
-diverse metabolically
-E. coli, Rhizobium, Vibria cholerae, Salmonella typhimurium

A

Proteobacteria

41
Q

-blue-green bacteria (also formerly “blue-green algae”)
-photosynthetic
-single cells or colonies

A

cyanobacteria

General Biology 2 (8 decks)

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