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General Biology 2 > Exam 3 Terms > Flashcards

Exam 3 Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Widespread use as insecticide

A

DDT

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2
Q

What % of all amphibians are threatened with extinction

A

33%

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3
Q

species found only in a particular region

A

Endemic Species

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4
Q

number 1 reason for biodiversity loss

A

habitat destruction / degradation

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4
Q

causes for biodiversity loss

A

-habitat destruction/degradation
-direct exploitation
-introduced species
-disease

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5
Q

loss of this species causes loss of a lot of other species (large impact on environment

A

keystone species

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6
Q

study of all of the complex interrelations referred to by Darwin as the conditions for the struggle for existence

A

Ecology

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7
Q

Oikos

A

home

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8
Q

ology

A

knowledge

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9
Q

near equator

A

tropics

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10
Q

a little further from equator

A

subtropic

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11
Q

further up or down from equator, variations in temperatures and seasons

A

temperate

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12
Q

never thaws; very little vegetation

A

permafrost

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13
Q

bottom

A

benthic zone

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14
Q

light can penetrate

A

photic zone

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15
Q

as depths increase light can no longer penetrate

A

aphotic zone

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16
Q

leaf zone (close to shore)

A

littoral zone

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17
Q

zone that has a no light zone (lake zone)

A

limnetic zone

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18
Q

deep enough to have an area where there’s no light

A

lake

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19
Q

no salt

A

freshwater

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20
Q

mix between salt and no saltwater

A

estuary

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21
Q

between high tide and low tide

A

intertidal zone

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22
Q

light penetrates farther in ___________ than in ____________

A

freshwater; seawater

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23
Q

responsible for oxygen production

A

phytoplankton

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24
Q

dolphins, sharks, etc

A

nekton

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25
Q

not flowing (lakes)

A

lentic

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26
Q

flowing (streams and rivers)

A

lotic

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27
Q

‘how’ explanation - signal triggers response

A

Proximate

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28
Q

‘why’ explanation - behavior increases fitness (passing on one’s genes)

A

Ultimate

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29
Q

Fixed Action Pattern

A

innate behavior

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30
Q

Behavior is often a mix of __________ and __________

A

innate; learned

31
Q

maximizes its benefits and minimizes the cost; based on personality condition, proximity, size and aggressiveness of individuals

A

optimality

32
Q

SLOSS

A

Single Large Or Several Small

33
Q

With increasing biodiversity there is increased ecosystem function. This is
an example of the

A

Diversity-Stability Hypothesis

34
Q

proposes that an animal seeks to obtain the most energy possible with the least expenditure of energy

A

Optimal foraging

35
Q

Members of one sex compete with partners with the winner performing most of the matings

A

Intrasexual

36
Q

Membre of one sex chooses mate based on particular characteristics

A

Intersexual

37
Q

individuals mate with more than one partner (often single parental care)

A

polygamy

38
Q

each individual mates exclusively with one partner

A

monogomy

39
Q

polygyny

A

one male mates with many females

40
Q

polyandry

A

one female mates with many males

41
Q

Hamilton’s rule

A

Br > C
(Benefits * relatedness > Costs)
-

42
Q

Hamilton’s rule states that altruistic behavior is most likely when three conditions are met

A

-The fitness benefits of altruistic behavior are high for the recipient.

-The altruist and recipient are close relatives.

-The fitness costs to the altruist are low.

43
Q

Derived from an individual’s own offspring

A

Direct fitness

44
Q

Derived from helping relatives produce more offspring than they could than they could produce on their own

A

Indirect fitness

45
Q

Combination of direct and indirect fitness

A

inclusive fitness

46
Q

natural selection that acts through benefits to relatives and results in increased indirect fitness

A

Kin selection

47
Q

Exchange of fitness benefits that are separated in time

A

Reciprocal altruism

48
Q

what determines the success of a species?

A

-how widely distributed it is
-how abundant it is

49
Q

the benefit at excelling in one thing comes at the expense of another

A

Trade-offs

50
Q

number of offspring per individual

A

Fecundity

51
Q

How long an individual lives

A

Survivorship

52
Q

one group following through time

A

cohort

53
Q

high rate per capita population growth, r; but poor competitive ability

A

r-selected species

54
Q

more or less stable in populations; adapted to exist at or near carrying capacity, K; lower reproductive rate, but better competitors

A

K-selected species

55
Q

rate of loss of juveniles low and most individuals lost later in life

A

Type I survivorship curve

56
Q

fairly uniform death rate

A

Type II survivorship curve

57
Q

rate of loss for juveniles high and then loss low for survivors

A

Type III survivorship curve

58
Q

Exponential Growth

A

dN/dt = rN
-dN/dt is change in population size over time
-N is population size
-r is intrinsic rate of growth(can be estimated from life history table)

59
Q

Logistic Growth

A

dN/dt = rN(K-N/K)
-K = Carrying capacity (how many individuals a habitat can support)

60
Q

What a population is capable of using (types of food, habitat)

A

Fundamental niche

61
Q

what a population actually utilizes

A

Realized niche

62
Q

Shifting of closely related traits due to competitive interactions

A

Character Displacement

63
Q

Number of species

A

Species Richness

64
Q

Number of individuals / species

A

Species Abundance

65
Q

combines both richness and abundance

A

Shannon diversity index

66
Q

Diversity at a particular site

A

Alpha diversity

67
Q

Diversity between sites

A

Beta diversity

68
Q

combines both alpha and beta diversity

A

Gamma diversity

69
Q

Antipredator strategies

A

-chemical defense
-cryptic coloration
-mimicry
-displays of intimidation
-fighting and defense (horns/antlers)

70
Q

Abiotic factors

A

-soil, climate, atmosphere, and the particular matter and solutes in water
-precipitation and temperature

71
Q

NPP per unit area

A

How much energy is being produced by plants

72
Q

movement of energy through the ecosystem

A

Energy flow

73
Q

linear depiction of energy flow

A

food chain

74
Q

each feeding level in a chain

A

trophic level

75
Q

amount of energy at one trophic level that is acquired by the trophic level above and incorporated into biomass (averages around 10% with much variation)

A

Trophic-level transfer efficiency

General Biology 2 (8 decks)

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