final Flashcards
1
Q
Major religion of the Ottoman Empire
A
Islam/muslim
2
Q
Devshirme System
A
Solotan Army drafted christian boys for their army
Educated them and converted the to Islam
3
Q
Janissaries
A
elite force of 30,000 soldiers loyal only to the Sultan
many were converted christian boys
4
Q
who was Suleiman the Magnifecent and what did he do for the Ottomans?
A
Expanded their empire
efficient/culturul achievements
5
Q
Ottoman empire trade activity
A
huge traders
controlled Silk Road
6
Q
What religion was ottoman army?
A
Muslim
7
Q
What ottoman empire religious tolerant?
A
Yes, millet system gave othr religions power over their people
8
Q
How did Ottoman Empire expand?
A
WIth their strong army, wealth, efficient gov. and loyalty
9
Q
Mughal Empire religions
A
Hindu and Islam
10
Q
WHo was Akbar the Great and what did he do
A
Akbar ws religiously tolerant
Expanded Empire, stengthened trade
11
Q
Was Mughal Empire religiously tolerant?
A
Aurangzeb wasnt(strict Islam) but Akbar the great was
12
Q
What was the Tokugawa Shogunate?
A
Power holders in apan until 1867
13
Q
How did Tokugawa control the nobles?
A
Alternate Attendance Policy
14
Q
Japan Excluion Edicts
A
Closed all trade with foreigners except the Dutch and Chinese
15
Q
WHat was Edo?
A
Capital City of Tokugawa Shogunate
16
Q
Alternate Attendance Policy
A
Nobles/Daimyo had to live in capital city every other year, their family lived there all the time
17
Q
Absolute Monarch
A
King/Queen with absolute control/power
18
Q
What did Peter the Great and Louis XIV have in common
A
Both wanted total control over nobles\both wanted to be educated
19
Q
What was Louis XIV known as
A
Sun King
20
Q
How was Louis XIV absolute
A
required all nobles to live at the Palace of Versailles
Made all decisions
21
Q
Peter the Great Westernization
A
Made russia look/feel more European
22
Q
Peter the Great new laws
A
Men cut beards, shorter coats, modern dress
23
Q
How was Peter the Great absolute
A
Power/control
24
Q
Palace of Versailles
A
Large Palace built to show Frances power
How of King, Nobles, and Government
25
Trade routes
Conncected all continents for spices, natural resources, raw materials
Colombian Exchange/Triangular Trade
Great Britain, Dutch, French, Spanish trade
26
Two contries that remained isolated from trade were
China and Japan
27
Scientific Revolution
A period of drastic change in scientific thought in the 1500s-1600s
28
What is the scientific method
Observation, measurement, experiment, data collection, and hypothesis to explain phenomenon
29
WHo came up with the scientific method
Sir Francis Bacon
30
issac Newton
Unversal Law of Gravity
31
Renee Descartes
Deductive Reasoning
32
How did the church feel about scientific method
Challenged their authority and power
33
What was the enlightenment
Intellectual and philosophical movement in Europe ding 16-1700s
34
who was Thomas Hobbes/what did he believe in/what did he write
The Leviathan
Absolute Monarch/ best type of government
people are born wicked and evil
35
What did the enlightenment inspire?
French and American revolution
| Peole with overthrow their government
36
Who was John Locke? What did he write? SWHat did he believe?
Two Treatises of Gov.
Natural Rights are life, liberty, and property
People are born with a blank slate
Democracy is best type of Gov.
37
Montesquiu believed in
Separation of Powers
| 3 branches f Gov.
38
Voltaire believed
Freedom of speech
| Religious Toleratio
39
Rousseau believed
Social Contrat theory
40
Mary Wolstoncraft
Womens rights and equality
41
Enlightened Despot
Monarch that used enlightenment ideas while ruling
42
what did Catherine the Great do to be considered enlightened
Considered a law code where everyone was equal before the law
From russia
43
what did Fredrick the Great do to be considered enlightened
Supported arts and philosophies
Freedom of press and literature
Semi-religiously tolerant
From Prussia
44
What did Joseph II do to be considered enlightened?
Equal law code, no death penalty, ended all censorship, religious toleration
From Austria
45
Who was the most enlightened despot
Joseph II
45
Who was the most enlightened despot
Joseph II
46
Galileo accomplishments
Invented teelescope
Proved heliocentric theory
challened the church hich led to him being on house arrest
47
Who came up with the geocentric theory?
Ancient Astonomer Ptolemy
48
Who came up with the heliocetric theory?
Nicolas Copernicus
49
Natural rights
Life, liberty, and property (John Locke)
50
First Estate Rights
Clergy, no taxes paid, kept all records, collected taxes
51
Second estate rights
Nobles
no taxes paid
collected taxes
could hunt on any land in France
52
Who was in the third estate
everyone else/ Bourgeoise
| Pad ALL taxes, no hunting rights, no rights
53
Complaints of third estate
Equal taxes, all estates should pay
| Social equality, king is abusing power
54
How are third estates wnats supported by enlightenment
idea of equality and limited government
55
How were Louis XIV and Marie Antoinette treating their poeple before the revolution
ABusing their power, spending the tax money on palace and parties, supported the 1sr and 2nd estate, arbitrary arrests and jail for anyone
56
Declaration of Right of Man
A list of rights written by the third estate declaring equality beofre the law, natural rights = taxes and limited power of government (review this doc)
57
National Assembly
After the tennis court oath, the 3rd estate spearated and decared themselves the National Assembly that wrote a new constitution for Franc with limited monarchy
58
What happened to Louis XIV
Tred after trying to escape France
| Killed by the guillotine
59
Maximellen Robespierre
Leader of Reign of Terror
Killed people against the revolution
censorship and fear
60
How was Robespierre killed?
Guillotine
61
Committee of Public Safety
Hunted down and killed those against the Revolution
| Fear and censorship
62
Guillotine
Cut your head off
63
How did Napoleon use a coup
Overthrw the directry of 5 men
| Then he overthrew the 2 men he came in power with
64
Actions emperor Napoleon took while in power
expanded French empire all over Europe
Jobs based on merit, not birth
Napoleonic Code
65
WHat is the Napoleonic Code
Equal law for everyone in the french Empire
Even conquered people
Women still not equal
66
Napoleonic Wars Mistake #1
Cut off all tade with Britian
Forced everyone not to trade with Britain
People werent happy
67
Napoleonic Wars mistake #2
Russia used scorched earth policy and got his forces stuck in Russia in the middle of winter
Napoleon did not retreat and thousands of his forces died
68
Where was Napoleon exiled
Elba first
he escaped and tried to regain power but lost the battle at waterloo
Exiled and died on St. Helena Island
69
What were the 2 historical circumstances that led to Congess of Vienna
Restore Europe back to original brders and monarchs from before Napolen
Restore balance of power
70
Waht did COngress of Vienna do and try to restore
Restore legitimate monarchs back to power
| order and stability to Europe restored
71
Nationalism
Pride in ones country
72
What was Haiti a colony of
France
73
Who was Toussaint L´Overture
Slave who led rebellion against whites
74
WHy were people upset and started the Haiatian Revolution
Inequality/slavery
75
Outcome of Hatian Revolution
Renamed Haiti
First successfuul slave revolt
Freed from France
76
(Latin American Revolution) Simon Bolivar
George Washington of South America
¨The Liberator¨
Led independence of South America from Spain
77
Jose San MArtion (Latin American Revolution)
Helped Bolivar free south America
78
Father Miguel Hidalgo (Latin American Revolution)
Helped lead movement of Mexico from Spanish Control
79
Mazzini (Unification of Itlay)
Came up with the idea to unify Italy
80
Cavour Unification of Itlay)
Prie Minister of Piedmant Sardinia that led the ¨brains¨ of the whole unification operation
81
Garibaldi (Unification of Itlay)
Leader of Red Shirt Army that fought to Unify Italy
82
Otto Von Bismarck (Unifcation of Germany)
Prime Minister of Germany
led unification
first social welfare programs in germany
83
Otto Von Bismarck famous quote
¨Blood and Iron¨
| this unified germany using nationalism and WAR
84
Agriculuture before mechanization
Slow, non-effiecient
| throw seeds on land and the would blow away
85
Agricultural Rev.
New Technology to grow more food faster
86
Enclosure Movement
Build fences on common land and ¨enclosed farms¨ for people to rent and work on. Peasants lost their jobs and moved to the cities
87
Jethro Tull Seed Drill
Planrted seeds into the ground
More food grown
less seed waste
88
What happened dring the Irish potato famine
Potato crop diseased and unable to be eaten
89
WHat were two effects of the Irish Potato Famine
Many died
| Many Irish moved to America
90
WHat happens to the farmers after mechaniation?
Lass need so many moved to the cities looking for jobs
91
Urbanization
| Facotry Life
Horrible, long hours, low pay, deaths, no benefits, women and children worked, child labor, unsafe
92
City life
crowded, gross, smelled, disease riden, crime, tenements
93
The geographic context for the start of the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
GB had tons of natural resources like coal and iron
| Also had people, money and entreprenuers to start businesses
94
Who started capitalism
Adam Smith
95
What did Adam SMith write
The Wealth of Nations
96
Capitalism Ideology Laissez-Faire
Government is hands off the economy
SHould not interfere with regulations
Supply and demand runs the economy and it should fix itself
Pro business
97
Communism person and what did he write
Karl Marx
Wrote the communist Manifesto
Saw horrors of the industrial revolution
98
Communim Ideology
The workers will violently overthrow the owners and take over society
Becuas of that, everything should be publicly owned
99
Labor Movement (unions)
Organization of workers
| wanted higher pay
100
Suffrage Movement
Women want rights to vote and equality
| They get the right to vvote after WWI
101
Imperialism
one country takes over another
102
How did nationalism cause imperialism
Pride in your country lelads one to expand their power onto others
103
How did scial darwinism cause european imperialism
europeans believed that they are superior beings that need to take over and teach people how to be and act more like them
¨White Mans Brden¨
104
How did Industrial Revolution cause European Imperialism
The needed raw materials to fuelindustrial rev.
105
How did vaccines cause European Imperialism?
they could go into places ithout fear of disease (Africa)
106
How did machine guns cause European Imperialism?
kil opposition
107
How did steamships cause European Imperialism?
Navigate difficult waters (Africa)
108
Spheres of Influence (China)
economic influence or control only over a region
109
Opium Wars
Britain snuck opium into China b/c they would not trade wth them
110
Boxer Rebellion
Chinese rebelled against all the foreigners in their countr (They lost)
111
Scramble for Africa
Interest in Afric due to raw materials and diamonds found there
112
Berlin Conference
Europeans split up Africa liake a peice of pie lmfao
113
WHite mans Burdan
Need to civilzr the people of Africa
114
Causes of imperialism in India
Raw Materials
Cheap Labor
Grow Opium
115
Sepoy Rebellion
Indian soldiers rebel against british due to beef/pork fat rumr
Indans lost and many died
116
Causes of WWI: MANIA
M:MILITARISM(Militar weapons solders ckonscription increases)
A:ALLIANCES(triple alliace, triple entente)
N:NATIONALISM(Balkan regions)
I:IMPERIALISM
A:ASSASINATION (arch duke Ferdinand of Austria Hungary)
117
Trench Warfare
Dug hols in ground
| Dirty, gross
118
Machine Guns
Increased number of people kiled
119
Mustard Gas
Gas maks created
Painful death
Colorless, odorless gas
120
Treaty of Versailles Punishment
Reparations
War Guilt Clause
Loss of Colonies
121
League of Nations
international peacekeeping organization
weak
appeasement
122
What led to the historical circumstances that led to the Treaty of Versailles
Britain/France hated Germany so much and wnted to punish them harshly
123
Peace (Russian Rev.)
Leave WWI early due to heavy russian losses
124
Land (Russian Rev.)
Give land to the peasants
125
Bread(Russian Rev.)
Grow food and equally distribute to everyone
126
What did Lenin promise Russia
Peace, land, bread
127
Russina Civil War Red Army
Supported Lenin and Communism
128
White Army
Against Lenin
129
What did Lenin rename Russia?
Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
130
Lenins Economic Policy
Combined Communism and Capitalism
| Successful- Almost rebuilt before Great Depression hit
131
What was the Meiji Restoration
Modernization, Industrializatin, Westernization of Japan under Emperor Meiji
132
How did Meiji Restoration help Japa become an imperial power
They gained power, strength, and respect
| Better military, weapons and navy to take over areas
133
How did Great Depression lead to the rise of fascism in Europe
Leaders offered hope and solutions for the tough times people were living
134
Fascism
Far right, authoritarian gov. with tolitarian style gov.
135
What did Benito Mussolini use
Fascism, 1st fscist leader
136
WHo brought Benito Mussolini into power
¨Black Shirt¨ supporters brought him legally
| Italian
137
Propoganda
Biased or misleading info used to influence people (used by Stalin)
138
Gulag (Stalin)
Labor camps established for political opponents of Stalin
139
What did Stalins Five Year Plan focus on
Industry
140
Collectivization farms
took private farms away and made them all government farms
| food handed over to the government
141
Difference between stalin and hilter
Stalin=Communism
| Hilter=no communism
142
Does Hilter use propoganda?
yes
143
Treatment of Jews under Nazis
Horrible, unequal
| Nuremberg Laws
144
How Hitler violated the Treaty of Versailles
Went into Rhineland ith miltary
Annexed Austria
Took over Sudentenland and Czech
145
Appeasement
Gving into onses demands to avoid conflict
146
How did League of Nations use appesement
Gave into Hilter
| Gave into Japan invading China
147
Munich Confrence (1938)
Gave into Hitlers demands to take over Czech
| thought he would stop, used appesement to avoid WAR
148
```
European Front (WWII)
Blitzkrieg
```
Quick/fast lightening war used by Germans
149
Why did the US join WWII
To fight Hitler and b/c Japan attacked Pearl Harbor
150
```
Pacific Front (WWII)
Island Hopping
```
US forces hopped island to island fighting Japanese forces
151
How did the war end
Atomic Bomb
152
United Nations
Happened after WWII
second attempt at a peace keeping organization
still here today
153
Atomc bombs used
Hiroshima and Nagasaki
| Pres. Truman decided to use them
154
Armenian Genocide
Turkey eliminated Christain minority group (Armenians) during WWI
155
Hollodomor (forced famin in Ukraine)
Stalin refused to give food to the Ukrainian Kulaks during the 1930s b/c they opposed his policies
Millions died
156
Nuremburg Laws
Discriminatory laws passed in 1935 against the Jewish people
157
Ghettos
Overcrowded areas in the city that Jews were placed in
158
Nuremburg Trials
Post WWII triasl held after war for German Nazi officials
crimes against humanity
war crimes
159
NATO
countries dedicated to democracy, and stropping the spread of communism
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
160
Warsaw Pact
Made in response to NATO
| support of communism and spreading it
161
Yalta and Postdam Confrences (1945)
FDR, stalin and churchill discuss what should happenn to germant after WWII
162
Berlin Blockade and Airlift(1948)
Stalin cuts off supply between east and west berlin
| US, Fance, and GB airlift supplies into west berlin for over a year
163
Berlin Wall cnstructed (1961)
Nikita Khrushchev orders wall to be built to keep east erliners from escaping or moving to west berlin
164
Detente (1969-1979)
Under President Nixon, US and USSR have a lessoning of Cold War tensions
the cold war begins to ¨thaw¨
165
Mikhail Gorbachev come to power in Soviet Union (1985)
Restructure of Russian Gov. and economy (perestroika)
| Openess of idea and criticism of government allowed (Glasnost)
166
Fall of Berlin WSall (1989)
Symbolized the end of the Cold War
167
Fall of Soviet Union (1989-1991)
Communism collapsed- end of war
| Boris Yeltsin and Putin future leaders
168
Korean War
North and SOuth Korea divided at 38th parallel
North=communist
south=capitalist
US invades to help the south
169
was cmmunism contained or expanded after Korean War?
contained
| still divided today
170
Vietnam War
North and South Vietnam divided at 17th parallel
North=communist
south=capitalist
US invades to help the south
171
was communism contained or expanded in vietnam war?
Expands to whole peninsula when US leaves
172
Cuban Missle Crisis
USSR allies with Communist Cuba and puts nuclear missiles pointing at US in Cuba
Kennedy and Khrushchev go head to head and diplomacy endsthe crisis
173
was communism contained or expaded during the cuban missile crisis?
contained
174
Soviet-Afghan War
Soviet Union helps the communist led government against the Taliban
175
was communism contained or expaded during the soviet-Afghan war?
contained
176
Decolonization
When a mother country leaves its colony-freeing them so they can act independently
177
Kwame Nkrumah
Independence leader of Ghana from British Rule
| Country:Ghana
178
Jomo Kenyatta
Independence leader of Kenya from British rule
| Country: Kenya
179
Pan-Africanism
United amongst africans all over the world to be free from colonialism or imperialism
180
How does pan-africanism lead to decolonizationn of Africa?
Motivates Africans to free themselves from colonial rule
181
Civil disobedience Ghandi
refusal to comply with certain laws as a form of peaceful protest
182
Salt March
led march to Indian Ocean to make own alt (illegal to make salt under unfair british laws)
183
Passive resistance
non-violent opposition to political authority
184
Aparthied Laws (Nelson Mandela)
racially unjust laws in South Africa between blacks and whites
185
FW DeKlerk
White president who freed Mandela from prison and worked to end apartheid
186
African National Congress
Political Party of Mandela-fought to end apartheid
187
Mandela arrest
Mandela arrested for conspiricy
| 27 years in prison
188
Desmond Bishop TuTu
First black catholic Bishop in South Africa
| Fought to end apartheid
189
Zionism (Israel-Palestine Conflict)
Started by Theodore Herzel
| Belef Jews needed a safe homeland to live in
190
UN Partition Plan
UN divides Palestine between Jews and Muslim Palestinians- taking away palestine lands (1947)
191
Conficts and Wars (Israel-Palestine Conflict)
War today over ownership of the right to this land
192
current struggles (Israel-Palestine Conflict)
war/conflict ongoing
193
Kashmir Problem (India-Pakistan Conflict)
territorial land conflict beteen India and Pakistan
194
Nuclear Problem (Israel-Palestine Conflict)
Both India aand Pkistan have nuclear weapons and continue to grow their storage of weapons
195
Water problem (Israel-Palestine Conflict)
Little access to clean water for over 1 billion in the region
196
Great Leap Forward (Mao Zedong)
Maos economic and political program to increase industrial and agricultural production, collectivization of fartms led to famine/death\FAILURE
197
Cultural Rev
10 years of ¨Red Guards¨ made up of students persecuting political opponents to Mao Zedong
198
Four Modernizations (Deng Xiaoping)
Program to modernize science, agriculture, industrial production, and military in China
199
Tiananmen Square Massacre (Deng Xiaoping)
Thousands of protestors shot and killed, May 14th
| Protesting communism and dictatorship
200
Positive Effects Of Urbaniation
Socialization
Modernization
Closer access to goods
Jobs closer
201
Negative effects of Urbanization
```
Climate issues
pollution and environment
spread of disease
social inequality
overcrowding
```
202
Westernization (Kemal Ataturk)
Implement the social, political, economic ideals of the western AEuropean nations
203
Secularism (Kemal Ataturk))
Separation of the Chruch and State
204
Treatment of Women (Kemal Ataturk)
equality of women in the political and social spheres
205
Westernization (Shah Reza Pahlavi)
Rapid industrializationn and modernizatiom of Iran between 1963-1979
Pro western foreign policy
206
Secularism(Shah Reza Pahlavi)
Replaced islamic laws with western laws
| Forbid traditional Islamic clothing
207
Treatment of Women (Shah Reza Pahlavi)
forbade them from wearing the veil
| not separate from society
208
Islamic Foundation (Avatollah Khomeini)
Pure islamic law
| strict adherence to Islamic law
209
Theocracy (Avatollah Khomeini)
gov. and religion are one
| religious law repalced western laws
210
Anti-westernization (Avatollah Khomeini)
Anti-westernization customs and laws
211
Treatment of women (Avatollah Khomeini)
bad
| unequal veiled
212
Desertification
overfarming can turn fertile land into desert
| Africa
213
pollution
harmful materials into environment
| Cars, planes, factories, nuclear meltdown, coal, fuel burning
214
Examples of Globalization
Social, economical, political interconnectedness al over the world
215
Scarcity
Not having enough of something like resources, clean water, land
216
Technology
application of scientific knowlege for practical purposes
| phones, health, vaccines, computers, internet
217
Treatment Of women
Inequality still exists all over the world
| low pay, child care, amternity leave, rights, veils
218
Deforestation
Cutting doen the forests
| Brazil
219
Nuclear Proliferation
Build up/spread of nuclear weapons
| Iran, India, North Korea
220
Terrorism
Use of violence against civilians
| 9/11
221
Social Media
Spread of info on a public platform
Misinformation also shared
Propaganda
Shared experiences
222
Migration
Moveent of people from one place to another
| refugees, escape, famine/droughts, war/crisis
223
Americanization
More american influence seen all over the world
| McDonalds, fashion, music, laws, democracy
224
Green Revolution
Advancements in farming in the 1960s-1970s to increase the food production (moslty India) usif chemicals, fertilizers, and pesticides
225
How long has globalization been around
1400s
226
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Middle Easten Countries control gass prices and amount of petroleum released in the world
227
International Monetary Fund
190 countries joined
Goals: decrease poverty worldwide
encourage trade, financial stability and economic growth
created in 1945
228
World Bank
187 countries
| reduce poverty bylendimg money to poor countries to improve their economies and standard living of people
229
World Trade Organization
Deals with global rules for trade
| Trade flows smoothly and freely as possible
230
World Health Organization
Addresses world health issues
| AIDs and COVID
231
European Union
```
27 members
States of Europe
Political and economic organization governent of Europe
Britian left ¨Brexit¨
Euro is currency
```
232
Genocide
Systematic killing of a group of people based on race/religion etc
233
Mother Teresa
Catholic nun dedicated to womens rights and helping the poor 12 53
20th century humanitarian
234
Aung San Su Kyi
Burmese politician used non violence to get democracy and human rights for people in Burma/Asia
235
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo
Argentine huan rights movement formed to recognize those who disappeared in Argentia due to corruption
236
Rwandan Genocide: when did it happen
1994-3 months
237
Rwandan Genocide:Where did it happen
Rwanda
238
Rwandan Genocide: Who were the perpetrators
Hutu
239
Rwandan Genocide: Who were the victims
Tutsi
240
Rwandan Genocide: Why did it happen
Hatred between the two groups since colonized by Belgium
| Hutu presidents plane shot down and it sparked the killings of the Tutsis
241
Rwandan Genocide: What happened as a result
800,000 tutsis killed in 3 months
242
Cambodian Genocide: When did it happen
1975-1979
243
Cambodian Genocide: Where did it happen
Cambodia
244
Cambodian Genocide: Who were the perpetrators
Pol Pot: leader of Cambodia and his Khmer Rougue followers
245
Cambodian Genocide: Who were the victims
25% of Cambodian population
246
Cambodian Genocide:Why did it happen
opponents to Pol Pots regime
| Starvation, famine, death caused by his economic policies
247
Cambodian Genocide: What happened as a result
1.5-2 million died
