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FILM SCREEN IMAGE ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS > Film Processing > Flashcards

Film Processing Flashcards

1
Q

the xray image changes the latent image to a visible image that is made permanent for handling, viewing and storage

A

processing

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2
Q

refers to the image that exists on film after it has been exposed but before it has been processed

A

latent/potential image

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3
Q

black metallic silver image

A

visible/manifest image

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4
Q

it is in a tank that converts exposed silver bromide crystals (latent image) to black metallic silver (visible image)

A

developer solution

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5
Q

it is in a tank that clears and removes unexposed silver bromide crystals, stops development and hardens the emulsion

A

fixer solution

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6
Q

it is in the wash tank that removes chemicals remaining on film

A

water

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7
Q

the _____ solution is carried over the top of the tanks into the water drain

A

the overflow solution is carried over the top of the tanks into the water drain

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8
Q

temperature of manual processing system

A

70° F

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9
Q

two types of processing system tanks

A

cascade compartment type
master tank and insert tank type

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10
Q

cascade compartment type has:

A

developer tank
fixer tank
2 wash tanks

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11
Q

it is used to convert latent image to manifest image

to amplify the amount of metallic silver on the film by increasing the number

to reduce the exposed silver halide crystals into metallic silver

A

development

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12
Q

the ____ provides electrons for the reduction of the shc

A

the developer provides electrons for the reduction of the shc

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13
Q

by giving up electrons, the developer is ____

A

by giving up electrons, the developer is oxidized

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14
Q

by gaining electrons, the shc are _____

A

by gaining electrons, the shc are reduced

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15
Q

redox

A

reduction - oxidation

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16
Q

europe

A

electrons are used in reduction, oxidation produces electrons

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17
Q

it is an activity of each individual component of reducing agent in solution is less than the activity when two components are combined

A

superadditivity/synergism

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18
Q

two chemicals are combined that is why there is a good outcome than one chemical

A

superadditivity/synergism

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19
Q

superadditivity is also called ____

A

superadditivity is also called synergism

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20
Q

it is when a small amount of fixer carried over to the developer will render it ineffective

A

developer contamination

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21
Q

__°C or 68° F for 5 minutes processing

A

20°C or 68° F for 5 minutes processing

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22
Q

it is caused by evaporation, old or exhausted developer, low reducing property, high monosulfates, low agents’ activity and has a strong ammonia odor

A

oxidized developer

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23
Q

high development time if:

_ film size
_ shc size
_ developer activity

A

high film size
high shc size
low developer activity

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24
Q

low development time if:

_ emulsion thickness
_ agitation
_ activity

A

low emulsion thickness
high agitation
high activity

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25
Q

it is reducing/developing agent
builds grays tones
provides intermediate density
sensitive to light and temperature

A

phenidone

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26
Q

phenidone dmin = .

A

phenidone dmin = 1.2

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27
Q

it is reducing agent/developing agent
builds black tones
dmax
provides upper scale density
sensitive to oxygen

A

hydroquinone

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28
Q

phenidone; sensitive to ___ and temperature
hydroquinone; sensitive to ______

A

phenidone; sensitive to light and temperature
hydroquinone; sensitive to oxygen

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29
Q

it shows the graphic relationship between optical density and radiation exposure

A

characteristic curve

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30
Q

in characteristic curve, _____ controls the toe and ____ controls the shoulder

A

in characteristic curve, phenidone controls the toe and hydroquinone controls the shoulder

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31
Q

it is a reducing agent that is added to hydroquinone in manual procesing

A

elon/metol

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32
Q

it is reducing agent that is used for automatic processing and it has 15x superadditivity than MQ

A

PQ

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33
Q

it is a reducing agent that is used for manual procesing

A

MQ

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34
Q

it is buffering, accelerator, activator, alkalinizer and wetting agent (BA3W)

A

sodium carbonate/hydroxide
or
potassium carbonate/hydroxide

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35
Q

it maintains pH, source of alkali (9.6-10.6)

A

buffering agent

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36
Q

it SPEEDS UP the development process, allows the reducers to attack the AgBr (silver bromide) crystals after swelling

A

accelerator

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37
Q

it facilitates the swelling of gelatin

A

activator

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38
Q

it decreases and maintain level of pH and provides the NECESSARY ALKALINE medium owing to the hydroxide

A

alkalinizer

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39
Q

it stimulates UNIFORM DEVELOPMENT by reducing surface tension

A

wetting agent

40
Q

it acts as a restrainer, regulator, anti foggant and starter solution (SAR3)

A

potassium bromide/iodide
or
sodium bromide/iodide

41
Q

it protects the unexposed shc

A

restrainer

42
Q

it CONTROLS the activity of the reducers

A

regulator

43
Q

it prevents development fog

A

anti foggant

44
Q

it is added only to a FRESH developer solution

A

starter solution

45
Q

it acts as a preservative, stabilizer and anti oxidant (PAS)

A

sodium sulfite or cycon

46
Q

it prevents rapid aerial oxidation

A

preservative

47
Q

it promotes EQUILIBRIUM of chemicals

A

stabilizer

48
Q

it prevents rapid chemical oxidation, reacts with quinone, capable of staining the film and form colorless compound

A

anti oxidant

49
Q

what is colorless compound that forms in anti oxidant?

A

hydroquinone monosulfate

50
Q

it is a hardener/tanning agent
for automatic processing only

A

glutaraldehyde/dialdehyde

51
Q

it is added for developer solution to prevent swelling of emulsion and it prevents damage to emulsion during transport

A

glutaraldehyde/dialdehyde

52
Q

developer: _____/_____ hardener
fixer: _____/_______ hardener

A

developer: weak/temporary hardener
fixer: strong/permanent hardener

53
Q

it is an organic restrainer that prevent action of phenidone on the unexposed crystals since phenidone is not restrained by bromide

A

benzothiozole or benzothiosulfate

54
Q

first roller transport system uses hardener

A

1956

55
Q

EDTA

A

ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid

56
Q

calgon

A

sodium hexametaphosphate

57
Q

chelates

A

boric acid/salts

58
Q

they are sequestering agent that forms a sludge in the bottom of the tank

A

EDTA, chelates and calgon

59
Q

it is an OILY substance that prevents precipitation of aluminum and calcium

A

sequestering agent

60
Q

it is a SOLVENT that dilutes and concentrates the chemicals for proper strength

A

distilled water

61
Q

it acts as a fungicide, anti-frothant, and replenisher

A

bleach 5%

62
Q

inhibits growth of FUNGI

A

fungicides

63
Q

it prevents BUBBLE formation and aerial oxidation

A

anti frothant/anti foaming

64
Q

it is HIGH IN REDUCERS, ACTIVATOR AND PRESERVATIVES but without restrainer, can return the chemical activity to the original

A

replenisher

65
Q

it acts as an ALGAECIDE that is added to the wash tank

A

bleach 6 ounces/oz

66
Q

it primary functions is to REMOVES, DISSOLVES, AND CLEARS AWAY undeveloped shc from the film and forms a silver complex of thiosulfate

A

fixing

67
Q

what is a silver complex of thiosulfate that forms in fixer?

A

monoargentodithiosulfuric acid

68
Q

secondary function of fixing:

to ____ the development process
to ____ the emulsion further

A

secondary function of fixing:

to stop the development process
to harden the emulsion further

69
Q

fixing time = ______ time + ______ time

A

fixing time = clearing time + hardening time

70
Q

fixing process is approximately ___ the development process

A

fixing process is approximately twice the development process

71
Q

________ of the fixer does not greatly affect the film quality but is expensive

A

over-replenishment of the fixer does not greatly affect the film quality but is expensive

72
Q

oxidized fixer = __ sulfurization

A

oxidized fixer = high sulfurization

73
Q

factors that affect the use of fixer:

____ agent used
______ of the fixing agent
________ of the solution
presence of _____
film material used
______ of the film
exhaustion of the fixing _____

A

factors that affect the use of fixer:

fixing agent used
concentration of the fixing agent
temperature of the solution
presence of hardener
film material used
agitation of the film
exhaustion of the fixing bath

74
Q

it acts as an acidifier, neutralizer and buffer

A

acetic acid/sulfuric acid/boric acid

75
Q

provides the NECESSARY ACID medium

A

acidifier

76
Q

it NEUTRALIZES the developer and stops the development action

A

neutralizer

77
Q

t maintains ph level by 4.2 to 4.9

A

buffer

78
Q

it acts as a stop bath or acid rinse bath, and it is recommended to neutralize the alkaline developer but is rarely used

A

acetic acid 1%

79
Q

it acts as a clearing agent and fixing agent

A

ammonium/sodium thiosulfate

80
Q

it dissolves and CLEARS AWAY unexposed shc

A

clearing agent

81
Q

it PERMANENTS the image

A

fixing agent/permanenting agent

82
Q

it acts as a hardener, tanning agent and permanenting agent

A

potassium alum/chrome alum/al chloride

83
Q

it SHRINKS and HARDENS the emulsion

A

hardener

84
Q

it increases temperature at which the gelatin softens

A

tanning agent

85
Q

it acts as a preservative, anti oxidant and stabilizer

A

sodium/potassium sulfite or cycon

86
Q

it prevents deterioration of chemicals and helps maintain chemical balance

A

preservative

87
Q

it prevents internal and external OXIDATION

A

anti oxidant

88
Q

it is an sequestering agent and hyponeutralizer

A

borate salts

89
Q

it is an ANTI SLUDGING agent which delay precipitation of alkaline by high pH

A

sequestering agent

90
Q

it is a solution used betweeeng fixing stage and the final washing cycle to LOW THE WASHING TIME OF THE FILM

A

hyponeutralizer

91
Q

hyponeutralizer prevents ________

A

hyponeutralizer prevents hyporetention

92
Q

they are act as a hypokit

A

acetic acid, silver nitrate and solvent

93
Q

it is a chemical used to determine the PRESENCE OF THIUSULFATE on processed films

A

hypokit

94
Q

it dissolves other components/chemicals

A

solvent

95
Q

C -
T -
T -

A

concentration
time
temperature

96
Q

permanence of radiograph

A

archival quality

FILM SCREEN IMAGE ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS (12 decks)

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