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FILM SCREEN IMAGE ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS > Film Processing > Flashcards

Film Processing Flashcards

1
Q

the xray image changes the latent image to a visible image that is made permanent for handling, viewing and storage

A

processing

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2
Q

refers to the image that exists on film after it has been exposed but before it has been processed

A

latent/potential image

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3
Q

black metallic silver image

A

visible/manifest image

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4
Q

it is in a tank that converts exposed silver bromide crystals (latent image) to black metallic silver (visible image)

A

developer solution

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5
Q

it is in a tank that clears and removes unexposed silver bromide crystals, stops development and hardens the emulsion

A

fixer solution

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6
Q

it is in the wash tank that removes chemicals remaining on film

A

water

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7
Q

the _____ solution is carried over the top of the tanks into the water drain

A

the overflow solution is carried over the top of the tanks into the water drain

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8
Q

temperature of manual processing system

A

70° F

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9
Q

two types of processing system tanks

A

cascade compartment type
master tank and insert tank type

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10
Q

cascade compartment type has:

A

developer tank
fixer tank
2 wash tanks

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11
Q

it is used to convert latent image to manifest image

to amplify the amount of metallic silver on the film by increasing the number

to reduce the exposed silver halide crystals into metallic silver

A

development

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12
Q

the ____ provides electrons for the reduction of the shc

A

the developer provides electrons for the reduction of the shc

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13
Q

by giving up electrons, the developer is ____

A

by giving up electrons, the developer is oxidized

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14
Q

by gaining electrons, the shc are _____

A

by gaining electrons, the shc are reduced

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15
Q

redox

A

reduction - oxidation

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16
Q

europe

A

electrons are used in reduction, oxidation produces electrons

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17
Q

it is an activity of each individual component of reducing agent in solution is less than the activity when two components are combined

A

superadditivity/synergism

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18
Q

two chemicals are combined that is why there is a good outcome than one chemical

A

superadditivity/synergism

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19
Q

superadditivity is also called ____

A

superadditivity is also called synergism

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20
Q

it is when a small amount of fixer carried over to the developer will render it ineffective

A

developer contamination

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21
Q

__°C or 68° F for 5 minutes processing

A

20°C or 68° F for 5 minutes processing

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22
Q

it is caused by evaporation, old or exhausted developer, low reducing property, high monosulfates, low agents’ activity and has a strong ammonia odor

A

oxidized developer

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23
Q

high development time if:

_ film size
_ shc size
_ developer activity

A

high film size
high shc size
low developer activity

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24
Q

low development time if:

_ emulsion thickness
_ agitation
_ activity

A

low emulsion thickness
high agitation
high activity

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25
it is reducing/developing agent builds grays tones provides intermediate density sensitive to light and temperature
phenidone
26
phenidone dmin = _._
phenidone dmin = 1.2
27
it is reducing agent/developing agent builds black tones dmax provides upper scale density sensitive to oxygen
hydroquinone
28
phenidone; sensitive to ___ and temperature hydroquinone; sensitive to ______
phenidone; sensitive to light and temperature hydroquinone; sensitive to oxygen
29
it shows the graphic relationship between optical density and radiation exposure
characteristic curve
30
in characteristic curve, _____ controls the toe and ____ controls the shoulder
in characteristic curve, phenidone controls the toe and hydroquinone controls the shoulder
31
it is a reducing agent that is added to hydroquinone in manual procesing
elon/metol
32
it is reducing agent that is used for automatic processing and it has 15x superadditivity than MQ
PQ
33
it is a reducing agent that is used for manual procesing
MQ
34
it is buffering, accelerator, activator, alkalinizer and wetting agent (BA3W)
sodium carbonate/hydroxide or potassium carbonate/hydroxide
35
it maintains pH, source of alkali (9.6-10.6)
buffering agent
36
it SPEEDS UP the development process, allows the reducers to attack the AgBr (silver bromide) crystals after swelling
accelerator
37
it facilitates the swelling of gelatin
activator
38
it decreases and maintain level of pH and provides the NECESSARY ALKALINE medium owing to the hydroxide
alkalinizer
39
it stimulates UNIFORM DEVELOPMENT by reducing surface tension
wetting agent
40
it acts as a restrainer, regulator, anti foggant and starter solution (SAR3)
potassium bromide/iodide or sodium bromide/iodide
41
it protects the unexposed shc
restrainer
42
it CONTROLS the activity of the reducers
regulator
43
it prevents development fog
anti foggant
44
it is added only to a FRESH developer solution
starter solution
45
it acts as a preservative, stabilizer and anti oxidant (PAS)
sodium sulfite or cycon
46
it prevents rapid aerial oxidation
preservative
47
it promotes EQUILIBRIUM of chemicals
stabilizer
48
it prevents rapid chemical oxidation, reacts with quinone, capable of staining the film and form colorless compound
anti oxidant
49
what is colorless compound that forms in anti oxidant?
hydroquinone monosulfate
50
it is a hardener/tanning agent for automatic processing only
glutaraldehyde/dialdehyde
51
it is added for developer solution to prevent swelling of emulsion and it prevents damage to emulsion during transport
glutaraldehyde/dialdehyde
52
developer: _____/_____ hardener fixer: _____/_______ hardener
developer: weak/temporary hardener fixer: strong/permanent hardener
53
it is an organic restrainer that prevent action of phenidone on the unexposed crystals since phenidone is not restrained by bromide
benzothiozole or benzothiosulfate
54
first roller transport system uses hardener
1956
55
EDTA
ethylene diamine tetra acetic acid
56
calgon
sodium hexametaphosphate
57
chelates
boric acid/salts
58
they are sequestering agent that forms a sludge in the bottom of the tank
EDTA, chelates and calgon
59
it is an OILY substance that prevents precipitation of aluminum and calcium
sequestering agent
60
it is a SOLVENT that dilutes and concentrates the chemicals for proper strength
distilled water
61
it acts as a fungicide, anti-frothant, and replenisher
bleach 5%
62
inhibits growth of FUNGI
fungicides
63
it prevents BUBBLE formation and aerial oxidation
anti frothant/anti foaming
64
it is HIGH IN REDUCERS, ACTIVATOR AND PRESERVATIVES but without restrainer, can return the chemical activity to the original
replenisher
65
it acts as an ALGAECIDE that is added to the wash tank
bleach 6 ounces/oz
66
it primary functions is to REMOVES, DISSOLVES, AND CLEARS AWAY undeveloped shc from the film and forms a silver complex of thiosulfate
fixing
67
what is a silver complex of thiosulfate that forms in fixer?
monoargentodithiosulfuric acid
68
secondary function of fixing: to ____ the development process to ____ the emulsion further
secondary function of fixing: to stop the development process to harden the emulsion further
69
fixing time = ______ time + ______ time
fixing time = clearing time + hardening time
70
fixing process is approximately ___ the development process
fixing process is approximately twice the development process
71
________ of the fixer does not greatly affect the film quality but is expensive
over-replenishment of the fixer does not greatly affect the film quality but is expensive
72
oxidized fixer = __ sulfurization
oxidized fixer = high sulfurization
73
factors that affect the use of fixer: ____ agent used ______ of the fixing agent ________ of the solution presence of _____ film material used ______ of the film exhaustion of the fixing _____
factors that affect the use of fixer: fixing agent used concentration of the fixing agent temperature of the solution presence of hardener film material used agitation of the film exhaustion of the fixing bath
74
it acts as an acidifier, neutralizer and buffer
acetic acid/sulfuric acid/boric acid
75
provides the NECESSARY ACID medium
acidifier
76
it NEUTRALIZES the developer and stops the development action
neutralizer
77
t maintains ph level by 4.2 to 4.9
buffer
78
it acts as a stop bath or acid rinse bath, and it is recommended to neutralize the alkaline developer but is rarely used
acetic acid 1%
79
it acts as a clearing agent and fixing agent
ammonium/sodium thiosulfate
80
it dissolves and CLEARS AWAY unexposed shc
clearing agent
81
it PERMANENTS the image
fixing agent/permanenting agent
82
it acts as a hardener, tanning agent and permanenting agent
potassium alum/chrome alum/al chloride
83
it SHRINKS and HARDENS the emulsion
hardener
84
it increases temperature at which the gelatin softens
tanning agent
85
it acts as a preservative, anti oxidant and stabilizer
sodium/potassium sulfite or cycon
86
it prevents deterioration of chemicals and helps maintain chemical balance
preservative
87
it prevents internal and external OXIDATION
anti oxidant
88
it is an sequestering agent and hyponeutralizer
borate salts
89
it is an ANTI SLUDGING agent which delay precipitation of alkaline by high pH
sequestering agent
90
it is a solution used betweeeng fixing stage and the final washing cycle to LOW THE WASHING TIME OF THE FILM
hyponeutralizer
91
hyponeutralizer prevents ________
hyponeutralizer prevents hyporetention
92
they are act as a hypokit
acetic acid, silver nitrate and solvent
93
it is a chemical used to determine the PRESENCE OF THIUSULFATE on processed films
hypokit
94
it dissolves other components/chemicals
solvent
95
C - T - T -
concentration time temperature
96
permanence of radiograph
archival quality

FILM SCREEN IMAGE ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS (12 decks)

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