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FILM SCREEN IMAGE ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS > Density > Flashcards

Density Flashcards

1
Q

_______ and brightness refer to the same image quality attribute but are used and defined differently

A

DENSITY and brightness refer to the same image quality attribute but are used and defined differently

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2
Q

relates directly to the amount of exposure received by the image receptor

A

radiographic density

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3
Q

is the term used to describe images displayed on an x-ray film

A

density

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4
Q

amount of blackening on the film

A

density

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5
Q

the overall blackness on the processed image

A

density

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6
Q

results from the development of the exposed silver bromide crystal from the film’s emulsion

A

density

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7
Q

too dark - high density - ________

A

too dark - high density - OVEREXPOSED

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8
Q

too light - low density - ____________

A

too light - low density - UNDEREXPOSED

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9
Q

acceptable range of density units = 0._ to _ density units

A

acceptable range of density units = 0.25 to 2 density units

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10
Q

60-80% of density is from ____

A

60-80% of density is from FOG

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11
Q

visible change in density = ↑ density by __ to __%

A

visible change in density = ↑ density by 30 to 35%

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12
Q

aerated tissue, fatty tissue, water, bone and teeth

A

tissue density

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13
Q

instrument used to measure density

A

densitometer

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14
Q

is the term used to describe images displayed on a computer monitor (digital images)

A

brightness

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15
Q

it is the amount of luminance of a display monitor

A

brightness

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16
Q

is the controlling factor of density because it directly alters the amount of radiation emitted by the tube

A

mAs

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17
Q

factors that affect density but not brightness

A

film/screen system
processing

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18
Q

factors affecting density and brightness

A

technical factors
patient
other factors

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19
Q

3 under of technical factors

A

mas
kvp
sid

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20
Q

5 under of film/screen system factors

A

film speed
screen speed
phosphor grain size
phosphor layer thickness
phosphor concentration

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21
Q

3 under of processing factors

A

development time
developer temperature
developer replenishment rate

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22
Q

other factors affecting density/brightness

A

filtration
collimation
grid
heel effect
fog
voltage waveform

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23
Q

density is directly controlled by ___

A

density is directly controlled by mAs

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24
Q

↑ mAs = _ exposure = _ density

A

↑ mAs = ↑ exposure = ↑ density

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25
Q

mAs is governed by the _________ law

A

mAs is governed by the RECIPROCITY law

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26
Q

law that states any combinations of mA and time that produce the same mAs value will produce the same density

A

reciprocity law

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27
Q

law that states overall density on a radiograph is proportional only to the total energy imparted to the radiographic film

A

reciprocity law

28
Q

mAs influences focal spot blooming

↑ tube current = ↑ actual focal spot size

A

mAs influences focal spot blooming

↑ tube current = _ actual focal spot size

29
Q

directly affects density through production of ____

A

directly affects density through production of FOG

30
Q

fog

↑ kVp = _ supplemental density

A

↑ kVp = ↑ supplemental density

31
Q

fog

↓ kVp = _ supplemental density

A

↓ kVp = ↓ supplemental density

32
Q

kVp penetrating ability

↑ kVp = _ wavelength = _ penetrability

A

kVp penetrating ability

↑ kVp = ↓ wavelength = ↑ penetrability

33
Q

kVp penetrating ability

↓ kVp = _ wavelength = _ penetrability

A

↓ kVp = ↑ wavelength = ↓ penetrability

34
Q

affects the production of scattered radiation
affects exposure to patient
affects number of remnant x-rays exiting the patient to strike the image receptor

A

penetrating ability

35
Q

intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of x-rays and the image receptor

A

inverse square law

36
Q

intensity is measured in _________ (traditional) or _________ (SI)

A

intensity is measured in ROENTGENS (traditional) or COULUMBS/KILOGRAM (SI)

37
Q

inverse square law

if SID is ↑ 2x = intensity/density _4x
if SID is ↓ ½ = intensity/density _4x

A

inverse square law

if SID is ↑ 2x = intensity/density ↓4x
if SID is ↓ ½ = intensity/density ↑ 4x

38
Q

variation in intensity is the result of the divergence of the x-ray beam as it travels through space

A

inverse square law

39
Q

Grids

↓ scatter radiation striking the image receptor
↓ grid ratio = _ density
↑ grid ratio = _ density

A

Grids

↓ scatter radiation striking the image receptor
↓ grid ratio = ↑ density
↑ grid ratio = ↓ density

40
Q

generally, use of grids = _ fog = _ density

A

generally, use of grids = ↓ fog = ↓ density

41
Q

faster screen/film combination = _ density

A

faster screen/film combination = ↑ density

42
Q

direct exposure technique = _ density

A

direct exposure technique = ↓ density

43
Q

beam restriction

↑ beam restriction = _ scatter radiation = _ fog = _ = density

A

↑ beam restriction = ↓ scatter radiation = ↓ fog = ↓ = density

44
Q

beam restriction will _ density by limiting the area of the patient being struck by x-rays

A

beam restriction will ↓ density by limiting the area of the patient being struck by x-rays

45
Q

beam restriction

↓ field size = _ area of production of scatter fog = _ density

A

↓ field size = ↓ area of production of scatter fog = ↓ density

46
Q

negligible effect on density; its purpose is primarily for radiation protection

A

filtration

47
Q

has an impact on contrast because the average wavelength of the filtered beam is shorter than the nonfiltered beam

A

filtration

48
Q

___________ _______ even out density of irregular anatomy

A

COMPENSATING FILTERS even out density of irregular anatomy

49
Q

anatomy affects density through:

variation of _
variation of tissue ______ and ______

A

anatomy affects density through:

variation of Z
variation of tissue density and thickness

50
Q

________ ________affect density by either altering the Z or altering the tissue integrity, density and thickness

A

PATHOLOGIC CHANGES affect density by either altering the Z or altering the tissue integrity, density and thickness

51
Q

additive pathologies
↑ x-ray absorption in tissue = needs _ in kVp

A

additive pathologies
↑ x-ray absorption in tissue = needs ↑ in kVp

52
Q

ADDITIVE

aortic aneurysm, aortic acne, ascites, cirrhosis, hypertrophy

A

abdomen

53
Q

ADDITIVE

atelectasis, CHF, osteoblastic metastases, pleural effusion, pneumonia

A

chest

54
Q

ADDITIVE

hydrocephalus, osteochondroma, late stage Paget’s disease

A

skeleton

55
Q

ADDITIVE

abscess, edema, sclerosis

A

non specific

56
Q

destructive pathologies
↓ x-ray absorption in tissue = needs _ in kVp

A

destructive pathologies
↓ x-ray absorption in tissue = needs ↓ in kVp

57
Q

DESTRUCTIVE

bowel obstruction, free air

A

abdomen

58
Q

DESTRUCTIVE

bowel obstruction, free air

A

abdomen

59
Q

DESTRUCTIVE

emphysema, pneumothorax, active TB

A

chest

60
Q

DESTRUCTIVE

gout, osteolytic metastases, multiple myeloma, early stage Paget’s disease, osteoporosis, degenerative arthritis, osteoporosis

A

skeleton

61
Q

DESTRUCTIVE

atrophy, necrosis, emaciation, malnutrition

A

non specific

62
Q

the anode heel effect is emphasized under the following conditions:

at _ SIDs
with _ cassette size
with _ anode angle x-ray tubes

A

the anode heel effect is emphasized under the following conditions:

at ↓ SIDs
with ↑ cassette size
with ↓ anode angle x-ray tubes

63
Q

x-rays are absorbed by the “heel” of the anode

anode side – __%
cathode side – ___%
difference – __%

A

x-rays are absorbed by the “heel” of the anode

anode side – 75%
cathode side – 120%
difference – 45%

64
Q

______ ______ should be placed under the cathode side of the x-ray tube to take advantage of the anode heel effect

A

THICKER ANATOMY should be placed under the cathode side of the x-ray tube to take advantage of the anode heel effect

65
Q

↑ SID = _ anode heel effect
↓ field size = _ anode heel effect
↑ anode angle = _ anode heel effect

A

↑ SID = ↓ anode heel effect
↓ field size = ↓ anode heel effect
↑ anode angle = ↓ anode heel effect

66
Q

PROCESSING

↑ developer temperature (2-3°F) = _ density

↑ development time = _ density

↑ replenishment rate = _ density

A

↑ developer temperature (2-3°F) = ↑ density

↑ development time = ↑ density

↑ replenishment rate = ↑ density

FILM SCREEN IMAGE ACQUISITION, PROCESSING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS (12 decks)

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