File 8

Question 1

innate

Answer 1

determined by factors present from birth

Question 2

innateness hypothesis

Answer 2

hypothesis that humans are generally predisposed to learn and use language

Question 3

linguistic universals

Answer 3

property believed to be held in common by al natural languages

Question 4

universal grammar

Answer 4

theory that posits a set of grammatical characteristics shared by all natural languages

Question 5

critical period

Answer 5

time when children must have exposure to language and must build the critical brain structures necessary in order to gain native speaker competence in a language

Question 6

neglected children

Answer 6

child who is neglected by caretakers, often resulting in in lower exposure to language as a child

Question 7

feral children

Answer 7

child who grew up in the wild without care by human adults, often with animals

Question 8

homesign

Answer 8

rudimentary visual-gestural communication system that is developed and used by deaf children and their families when when a signed language is not made available for their communication

Question 9

imitation theory

Answer 9

child language acquisition theory that claims that children acquire language by listening to speech around them and reproducing what they hear

Question 10

active construction of a grammar theory

Answer 10

theory of child language which says that children acquire a language by inventing rules of grammar based on the speech around them

Question 11

connectionist theories

Answer 11

claims that children learn language through neural connection in the brain

Question 12

social interaction theory

Answer 12

claims that children acquire language through social interactions

Question 13

child-directed speech

Answer 13

speech used by parents or caregivers when communicating with young children or infants

Question 14

high amplitude sucking

Answer 14

used to study sound discrimination in infants from birth to sex months. infants are given a special pacifier that is connected to a sound generating system

Question 15

conditioned head-turn procedure

Answer 15

experimental technique usually used with infants between 5 and 8 months. Conditioning phase the infant learns to associate a change in sound with activation of visual enforces. Testing phase when the infant looks to the visual reinforces immediately after a change in sound

Question 16

voice onset time

Answer 16

length of time between the release of a consonant and the onset of voicing, when the vocal folds start vibrating

Question 17

articulatory gestures

Answer 17

movement of a speech organ in the production of speech

Question 18

babble

Answer 18

phase in child language acquisition during which the child produces meaningless sequences of consonants and vowels

Question 19

canonical babbling (repeated)

Answer 19

the continuous repetition of sequences of vowels and consonants by infants

Question 20

variegated babbling

Answer 20

production of meaningless consonant-vowel sequences by infants

Question 21

one word stage

Answer 21

stage which children can produce only one word at a time

Question 22

telegraphic stage

Answer 22

phase during child language acquisition in which children use utterances composed of content words

Question 23

plurals

Answer 23

when children learn the plural of words such as men rather than saying mans.

Question 24

overgeneralization

Answer 24

relationship between child and adult application of rules relative to certain contexts

Question 25

negatives

Answer 25

when children place the word “no” in front of sentences to negate them

Question 26

interrogatives

Answer 26

kind of sentence that expresses a question

Question 27

complexive concept

Answer 27

term used in the study of child language acquisition

Question 28

overextension

Answer 28

relationship between child and adult perception of word meaning

Question 29

underextensions

Answer 29

application of a word to a smaller set of objects than is appropriate for mature adult speech or the usual definition of a word

Question 30

relational term

Answer 30

type of relationship between adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjectives is determined relative to the noun reference

Question 31

deictic expressions

Answer 31

word or expression that takes its meaning relative to the time, place, and speaker of the utterance

Question 32

attention getters

Answer 32

word or phrase used to initiate an address to children

Question 33

attention holders

Answer 33

tactic used to maintain children’s attention for extended periods of time

Question 34

conversational turns

Answer 34

contribution to a conversation made by one speaker from the time that takes the floor from another speaker to the time that she passes the floor to the other speaker

Question 35

bilingual

Answer 35

state of commanding 2 languages; linguistic competence in two languages

Question 36

multilingual

Answer 36

state of knowing three or more languages

Question 37

simultaneous bilingualism

Answer 37

bilingualism when both languages are acquired from infancy

Question 38

sequential bilingualism

Answer 38

bilingualism when the second language is learned as a small child

Question 39

second-language acquisition

Answer 39

acquisition of a second language as a teenager or adult

Question 40

code switching

Answer 40

using words or structural elements from more than one language within the same conversation