File 6 Flashcards
sense
expression as some kind of mental representation of its meaning
reference
relates the sense of some expression to the outside world
lexical semantics
a subfield of semantics that studies meanings of lexical expressions
compositional semantics
studies the meanings of phrasal expressions
referents
an actual entity or an individual in the world to which some expression refers
mental image
a words sense as a picture in the mind of the language user that represents its meanings
prototype
a member that exhibits the typical qualities of the members of that set
hyponymy
a meaning relationship between words , where the reference of some word x is included in the reference of some other word
synonymy
relationship between words where their reference is exactly the same
antonymy
a meaning relationship between words where their meanings are in some sense opposite
gradable
words the are antonyms and denote opposite ends of a scale
complementary
pair of antonyms such that everything must be described by the first word, the second word, or neither
converses
antonyms in which the first word of the phrase suggests a point of view opposite to that of the second word
proposition
the sense expressed by a sentence. Can be true of false
truth value
either true or false. The reference of a sentence
truth conditions
the set of conditions that would have to hold in the world in order for the proposition expressed by some sentence to be true
entailment
a relationship between propositions where a proposition p is said to entail another proposition q just in case if p is true, q has to be true as well
mutual entailment
the relationship between two propositions where they entail one another
principle of compositionality
the notion that the meaning of a phrasal expression is predictable from the meanings of the expressions it contains and how they were syntactically combined
incompatible
relationship between two propositions where it is impossible for both of them to be true simultaneously
idioms
a multi word lexical expression whose meaning is not compositional
pure intersection
relationship between the reference of an adjective and a noun it modifies such that each picks out a particular group of things
intersective adjectives
reference is determined independently from the reference of a noun that it modifies
relative intersection
adjective and noun reference where the reference of the adjective is determined relative to the noun reference
subsective adjectives
whose reference is included in the set of things that the noun they modify refers to
non-intersection
an adjective whose reference is a subset of the set that the noun it modifies refers to, but that does not, in and of itself, refer to any particular set of things
anti-intersection adjectives
whose referents are not in the set referred to by the noun that it modifies
hyponym
word x is a hyponym of a word y if the set that is the reference of x is always included in the set
hypernym
y is said to be the hypernym of x
sister terms
words that, in terms of their reference, are at the same level in the hierarchy
