education law vocabulary

Question 1

linguistic competence

Answer 1

Linguistic competence is the system of linguistic knowledge possessed by native speakers of a language. It is distinguished from linguistic performance, which is the way a language system is used in communication.

Question 2

linguistic performance

Answer 2

Used by Noam Chomsky in 1960 to describe “the actual use of language in concrete situations”. It is used to describe both the production, sometimes called parole, as well as the comprehension of language.

Question 3

Speech communication chain

Answer 3

The speech chain describes the stages in speech communication when a message moves between the mind of the speaker and the mind of the listener. Through the idea of the speech chain we see that information which is communicated linguistically to achieve some goal is encoded by the speaker into a sequence of articulatory gestures which generate sound, that sound is communicated to the listener, processed by the hearing mechanism into a neural code that is decoded to extract the meaning of the utterance and the intention of the communicative act.

Question 4

speech communication chain steps

Answer 4

1. Intention → Meaning
2. Meaning → Utterance
3. Utterance → Articulatory plan
4. Articulatory plan → Articulation
5. Articulation → Sound
6. Sound → Auditory response
7. Auditory response → Word sequence
8. Word sequence → Meaning
9. Meaning → Understanding

Question 5

noise

Answer 5

a sound, especially one that is loud or unpleasant or that causes disturbance.

Question 6

lexicon

Answer 6

the vocabulary of a person, language, or branch of knowledge

Question 7

mental grammar

Answer 7

The generative grammar stored in the brain that allows a speaker to produce language that other speakers can understand.

Question 8

language variation

Answer 8

Between the speakers of any language there is variation in the way that they use their language. This variation is demonstrated by linguistic differences in terms of sound (phonetics) and structure (grammar). There might be only slight variations between forms of a language – such as minor pronunciations of words or a slight changes of grammatical structure that do not inhibit intergroup communication

Question 9

descriptive grammar

Answer 9

set of rules about language based on how it is actually used. In a descriptive grammar there is no right or wrong language.

Question 10

evidence that writing and language are not the same

Answer 10

writing does not exist everywhere
writing must be taught
writing can be edited

Question 11

reasons people believe writing is superior to speech

Answer 11

writing can be edited
writing must be taught
writing is more physically stable

Question 12

prescriptive grammar

Answer 12

A prescriptive grammar is a set of rules about language based on how people think language should be used. In a prescriptive grammar there is right and wrong language.

Question 13

prescribe

Answer 13

•recommend (a substance or action) as something beneficial.

Question 14

mode of communication

Answer 14

to the means in which these messages are transmitted and received

Question 15

semanticity

Answer 15

property requiring that all signals in a communication system have a meaning or a function

Question 16

Hockett’s nine design

Answer 16

mode of communication
semanticity
pragmatic function
interchangeability
cultural transmission
arbitrariness
discreteness
displacement
productivity

Question 17

pragmatic function

Answer 17

must serve some useful purpose

Question 18

interchangeability

Answer 18

ability to transmit and receive message

Question 19

cultural transmission

Answer 19

aspect of language

Question 20

arbitrariness

Answer 20

words meaning is not predictable from its linguistic form, nor is its form dictated from its meaning

Question 21

linguistic sign

Answer 21

form + meaning

Question 22

convention

Answer 22

certain group of sounds go with a certain group of meanings

Question 23

non arbitrariness

Answer 23

opposite of arbitrariness

Question 24

iconic

Answer 24

relationship between form and meaning

Question 25

onomatopoeia

Answer 25

iconic use of words that are imitative of sounds occurring in nature

Question 26

conventionalized

Answer 26

something that is established, commonly agreed upon

Question 27

sound symbolism

Answer 27

phenomenon by which certain sounds are evocative of a particular meaning

Question 28

discreteness

Answer 28

the property of communication systems by which complex messages may be built up out of smaller pieces

Question 29

displacement

Answer 29

the property of some communication systems that allows them to be used to communicate about things, actions, and ideas that are not present at the place or time where communication is taking place

Question 30

productivity

Answer 30

the capacity of a communication system

Question 31

modality

Answer 31

means through which a message is transmitted

Question 32

myths about sign language

Answer 32

derived from spoken language
are manual codes
universal

Question 33

differences between codes and languages

Answer 33

code is artificially constructed system for representing a natural language
it has no structure
sign language evolve naturally and independently

Question 34

performance error

Answer 34

errors in language production or comprehension, including hesitations and slip of the tongue