Fetal Monitoring Flashcards
Causes for intrinsic symmetrical IUGR
parental factors (ethnicity), chromosomal abnormality, TORCH infections, anatomical abnormality like cardiac disease or gastroschisis
Causes of extrinsic asymmetrical IUGR
Reduced liquor, abnormal placenta, preeclampsia, SLE, antiphospholipid syndrome, cigarettes, uterine abnormality, multiple pregnancies, later infections
Risk of reoccurrence with IUGR
40%
What measurements are taken on fetus USS if they are concerned about growth and development?
BPD, HC, AC, FL, TCD (transcerebellar diameter an early growth restricted sign)
What is Dolichocephaly and when is it common
Oval shaped head usually in breached babies
What measurements do you need for the estimated fetal weight?
BPD, FL, AC
How do you personalise growth charts?
Booking weight, height, BMI, age, ethnicity
Investigations performed in symmetrical IUGR?
Dates, mother and father weight and build, ethnicity, previous babies, TORCH scan, USS for abnormalities, drugs/alcohol, fetal ECHO, karyotype, doppler scan for flow
Index taken during assymetrical growth?
Amniotic fluid index
list the timeframes associated with each grade of placenta
0 = late first trimester early second, 1 = mid second to early third, 2 = late third trimester (30 weeks), 3 = 39 weeks
What does the placenta grading predominantly focus on
Indentations of the chorionic plate through the basilar plate and calcifications developing
What areas can the fetal doppler look at (2)?
Umbilical artery and MCA
2 abnormalities fetal Doppler is looking for during umbilical artery flow?
is there reversed EDF? is EDF present?
What does Doppler of the ductus venosus show?
If there is any cardiac decompensation present and potential urgent delivery needed
If a woman has abormal Doppler and movements what will you do?
steroids and aim to get to 37 weeks
How often does a woman need Dopplers to monitor asymmetrical IUGR when she is 28-37 weeks pregnant?
every 2 weeks if normal flow through umbilical artery but weekly if there is resistance, alternate days if there is absent EDF, deliver baby if there is reversed EDF
with the nuchal scan how many mm of fluid should be present behind the babies neck?
3mm
Absent nasal bone is indicative of what?
Downs Syndrome
How many weeks is the quadruple test performed?
15-20 weeks
When is the combined test performed?
first trimester 11-13+6
What test for Downs Syndrome can be performed in the late stages of pregnancy?
NIPT
What can you give to reduce chances of IUGR in future pregnancies?
Aspirin
3 phases of normal growth in utero including timings and predominant growth type
phase 1 is 0-16 weeks (cellular hyperplasia), phase 2 is 16-32 weeks (cellular hyperplasia and hypertrophy), phase 3 is 32 weeks to term (hypertrophy)
What morbidity in later life are IUGR babies predisposed to?
Glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, T2DM
Maternal factors leading to IUGR
Smoking, drugs, diet, high BMI, previous IUGR
Placental factors leading to IUGR
Hypertension, insufficiency, renal disease, IVF
Fetal factors leading to IUGR
chromosomal, genetic, viral, reduced liquor
Doppler screening for placental disease is done at what week gestation and on what artery
20 weeks to the uterine artery
Doppler of what will give the most accurate representation of fetal cardiac functioning?
Ductus Venosus
Dopplers of which artery is best to choose delivery time of preterm and term babies experiencing IUGR?
preterm = ductus venosus, term = MCA
Survival rate of gastroschisis?
90%
How does fetal hydrops present?
scalp oedema and ascites
Non-immune causes of hydrops
Parvovirus, genetic, structural abnormalities like skeletal dysplasia
In hydrops how will a MCA doppler appear?
Peak systolic flow will be elevated
How many weeks gestation is IU transfusion given? inserted into where?
34 weeks, umbilical vein
Term to describe sharing of twins to the same placenta?
Monochorionic
What damage to fetus can result if you do not monitor the FHR?
Hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy
How often is FHR monitored in established labour vs pushing stage?
sonicaid used every 15 minutes in established and every 5 minutes in pushing
What 2 things does continuous electrical monitoring look at in labour?
FHR and contractions
What antenatal conditions would require continuous FHR monitoring in labour?
Previous CS, high BMI, diabetic, IUGR, twins, Preeclampsia, over term 42 weeks onwards, preterm labour, prolonged rupture of membranes
Administration of what 2 medications in labour are cause to start continuous FHR monitoring
Oxytocin and epidural
During labour, continuous FHR monitoring is required if what 2 things appear PV
Blood or fresh meconium stained liquor
What does a CTG analyse?
Fetal HR, maternal HR, contractions
What time reference is 1 large square on a CTG?
1 minute
baseline FHR?
110-160
What stage does FHR become abnormal?
below 100 or above 180
How long can baseline variability of FHR fluctuate and for how long before it becomes abnormal?
less than 5 for over 50 minutes or more than 25 for 25 minutes is abnormal
Define an acceleration in FHR?
15 bpm above baseline for 15 seconds
Define a deceleration in FHR?
15bmp below baseline for 15 seconds
What happens to FHR during contractions?
Decreases due to fetal head pressed
How can you tell whether there is an early or late deceleration? significance?
early decelerations are slowest during peak of contractions whereas late decelerations are after peak contractions and represent true hypoxia
Dr. C Brvad in assessing features of CTG
DR - determine risk, C - contractions (regular, frequency, power) BR- baseline rate, V - variability, A - accelerations, D - decelerations
What is a sinusoidal pattern on the CTG? what does it show?
continuous oscillations like sine wave, represents fetal anaemia, maternal haemorrhage
Why must mothers lie in left lateral position?
Prevent IVC compression
Drug given in oxytocin overdose
Tocolysis
How do you detect true acidaemia in the fetus
Fetal scalp blood sampling
What does fetus pH need to be in order to be considered normal?
Above 7.25
How do you manage fetus bradycardia and decelerations lasting over 30 minutes
Immediate delivery