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OBGYN > Fetal gastrointestinal/genitourinary with pathology registry review > Flashcards

Fetal gastrointestinal/genitourinary with pathology registry review Flashcards

1
Q

GI abnormalities

A

Most often result in polyhydramnios
-If GI obstruction/disturbance where fluid cannot be swallowed or absorbed normally, build up of fluid will take place
-Kidneys continue producing fluid even with GI obstruction

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2
Q

Stomach

A

Inferior to diaphragm
*should empty and fill every 30 mins

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3
Q

Fetal cord insert

A

Inferior to level of the kidneys, should be smooth with no herniations or mass

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4
Q

Bowel

A

Slightly more echogenic than liver

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5
Q

Esophageal atresia

A

Absence of a section of the esophagus
*associated with VACTERL and T18

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6
Q

Tracheoesophageal fistula

A

Esophagus and trachea form a connection

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7
Q

Sonographic appearance of esophageal atresia

A

No visualization of the stomach and polyhydramnios

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8
Q

Duodenal atresia

A

Fluid filled stomach and fluid filled proximal duodenum
-“double bubble”
-Polyhydramnios
*associated with T21

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9
Q

Anorectal atresia

A

Most common type of colonic atresia that leads to bowel obstruction

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10
Q

Sonographic appearance of anorectal atresia

A

Dilated loops of bowel
*look for VACTERL

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11
Q

Hirschsprung disease

A

Functional bowel obstruction caused by the absence of nerved within bowel wall

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12
Q

Sonographic appearance of hirshsprung disease

A

Dilated loops of bowel

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13
Q

Echogenic bowel

A

Bowel bright as bone
*associated with T21 and cystic fibrosis

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14
Q

Neuroblastoma

A

Adrenal gland tumor, mass superior to kidney
-MOST common malignant abdominal mass in neonates

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15
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Most common abnormality of the liver
-Cause ac to be larger than expected GA
*associated with beckwith-wiedemann

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16
Q

Gastroschisis

A

-Herniation of bowel through an opening on RIGHT side of cord insertion
-Not covered by a membrane or skin
-Larger defects may include stomach and other abdominal organs
-Usually isolated finding
-Requires surgery
*ELEVATED AFP

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17
Q

Omphalocele

A

-Persistent herniation of bowel and possibly other organs into the BASE of the umbilical cord after 12 weeks
-Bowel and possibly liver
-ALWAYS midline and covered by membrane
-AFP possibly normal due to being covered by membrane
*STRONG association with T18, T13, pentalogy of cantrell

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18
Q

Fetal kidney formation

A

Form in pelvis and rise to renal fossa by week 9
*if doesn’t rise then = pelvic kidney

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19
Q

Fetal kidney functionality

A

-Fully functional at 10 weeks
-Produce urine at 12 weeks

20
Q

Fetal bladder

A

Seen by week 13 on US

21
Q

Fetal kidneys seen on US

A

Week 15

22
Q

Amniotic fluid

A

Mostly made of fetal urine AFTER 16 weeks
-As long as one functioning kidney present, normal fluid levels present
*affected heavily by renal function

23
Q

Most common cause of oligohydramnios

A

Renal abnormalities

24
Q

Most common renal anomaly

A

Duplicate/double collecting system divided into upper and lower moiety/poles

25
Q

Unilateral renal agenensis

A

-Failure of one kidney to form
-Most common
-Fluid and bladder will be normal since present kidney is functional

26
Q

Bilateral renal agenesis

A

-Failure of BOTH kidneys to form
-NO bladder and NO fluid
*Potters syndrome

27
Q

Sonographic signs of renal agenesis

A

-Adrenal gland is flattened and parallel to spine (usually on upper pole of kidney)
-Absence of renal artery branches coming off the aorta in coronal view

28
Q

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD)

A

-Infantile
-Bilateral enlarged, echogenic
-NON functional = no fluid, no bladder
-Associated with meckel-gruber
-Oligo/anhydramnios
*FATAL

29
Q

Autosomal dominant polycystic disease (ADPKD)

A

-Adult version, doesn’t affect until late adulthood
-Bilateral enlarged, echogenic
-FUNCTIONING
-Normal bladder, normal fluid
-Cyst develop as adults

30
Q

Sonographic appearance for PKD

A

Bilaterally enlarged, echogenic kidneys. Cysts are not visualized (microscopic)= echogenic enlarged appearance

31
Q

Multicystic dysplastic renal disease

A

Large cysts affecting entire kidney, kidney appears to fill entire abdomen
-Affected kidney is NON functional
-Unilateral = normal fluid/normal bladder
-Bilateral= no fluid/ no bladder

32
Q

Obstructive cystic dysplasia

A

Kidney becomes small and echogenic with peripheral renal cyst
-Caused by early renal obstruction
-Unilateral or bilateral
-NON functional
-Bilateral = oligohydramnios

33
Q

Most common fetal abnormality

A

Hydronephrosis (AKA pelvocaliectasis, pelviectasis/pyelectasis, caliectasis – depends on dilated area of kidney)

34
Q

Urinary tract obstruction

A

Any obstruction to normal succession of urine flow will result in back up and cause dilation proximal to obstruction

35
Q

Measurement of dilated pelvis

A

-In transverse and AP
> 4mm in 2nd trimester = pyelectasis
>7mm in 3rd trimester = pyelectasis

36
Q

Location of ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJ)

A

Most common cause of hydro, pyelectasis only

37
Q

Location of ureterovesicular junction obstruction (UVJ)

A

Least common cause of hydro, kidneys and ureter

38
Q

Urethra obstruction

A

Bladder outlet obstruction, everything from bladder up is dilated

39
Q

Bladder outlet obstruction/prune belly syndrome

A

Posterior urethral valve causes obstruction in male fetus
-Massively dilated bladder
-Key hole sign
-Dilation of ureters and kidneys eventually occurs

40
Q

Key hole sign in bladder

A

Dilated bladder (megacystis) and dilated posterior urethra

41
Q

Triad of prune belly (eagle barret syndrome)

A

Absent abdominal musculature, undescended testis, urinary tract abnormalities

42
Q

Bladder extrophy

A

Bladder located outside the pelvis, lower abdominal mass inferior to umbilicus
-May be included with cloacal extropy and extropy of intestines and genitalia

43
Q

Cloaca

A

Everything at the bottom including true pelvis genitalia

44
Q

Clitoromegaly

A

Most common cause of ambiguous genitalia in females

45
Q

Common causes of ambiguous genitalia in males

A

Micropenis, hypospadias, undescended testis

46
Q

Hypospadias

A

Abnormal curvature of penis

OBGYN (17 decks)

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