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Generalist Exam Studying > Fetal Abnormalities > Flashcards

Fetal Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

What is acromelia?

A

Shortening of the bones of the hands or feet

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2
Q

What is the aqueduct of Sylvius?

A

A channel between the third and fourth ventricles of the brain

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3
Q

What is the banana sign associated with?

A

Shows a crescent shape to the cerebellum when a neural tube defect is present

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4
Q

The corpus collosum serves a function for what in the brain?

A

Learning and memory

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5
Q

What is frontal bossing? What is it associated with?

A

Protrusion/bulging of the forehead, associated w/ hydrocephalus.

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6
Q

What is the keyhole sign?

A

Appearance of the dilated bladder superior to the obstructed male urethra

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7
Q

What is the lemon sign, and what is it associated with?

A

Concavity to front bones of the fetal skull, associated with spina bifida

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8
Q

What is mesomelia?

A

Shortening of the middle portion of a limb

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9
Q

What is micromelia?

A

Shortening of all portions of a limbW

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10
Q

What is a myelomeningocele?

A

A developmental defect of the central nervous system where a hernial sac containing portion of spinal cord, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid protrudes through a congenital cleft in the vertebral column

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11
Q

What is nuchal thickness measuring?

A

The thickness between the calvaria and posterior skin line

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12
Q

What is proboscis?

A

A protrusion of nasal tissue above the orbits ^:)

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13
Q

What is rhizomelia?

A

Proximal portion limb shortening

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14
Q

What is the steer sign, and what is it associated with?

A

Enlargement and upper displacement of third ventricle
associated w/ agenesis of the corpus callosum

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15
Q

What is the vermis?

A

Structure located between the hemispheres of the cerebellum

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16
Q

Arachnoid cyst

A

Congenital abnormality of the pia-arachnoid layer; result of trauma, infarction, or infection

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17
Q

Arnold Chiari type II Malformation

A

Displacement of the cerebelluar vermis, fourth ventricle, medulla oblongata through the foramen of magna into the upper cervical canal
Can create the banana sign (compressed cerebellum), may cause a lemon shaped cranium

18
Q

Dandy-Walker syndrome

A

Congenital malformation of the cerebellum w/ associated maldevelopment of the fourth ventricle
Result of alcohol abuse, autosomal recessive disorder, or viral infection
CIsterna magna measures > 1.0cm in diameter

19
Q

Hydranencephaly

A

Destruction of the cerebral cortex resulting from vascular compromise or congenital infection (usually carotid area), and the brain tissue is replaced by cerebrospinal fluid

Anechoic brain tissue

20
Q

Hydrocephalus (ventriculomegaly)

A

Increase in ventricular volume caused by outflow obstruction, decrease in cerebrospinal fluid production or OVERproduction of CSP

Occipital horns dilate first

Typically symmetrical

associated w/ vein of Galen Aneurysm?

21
Q

What is the measurement for mild ventriculomegaly?

A

lat vents measuring 10-15 mm

22
Q

What is the measurement for severe ventriculomegaly?

A

lat vents measuring > 15 mm

might see dangling choroid plexus, echogenic rim of solid brain tissue

23
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

Group of disorders arising from abnormal development of the forebrain

24
Q

Holoprosencephaly has a strong association with which trisomy?

A

Trisomy 13

25
Q

What are the types of holoprosencephaly?

A

Alobar - most severe, monoventricular cavity
Semilobar - monoventreicular cavity, milder
Lobar - two large lateral ventricles, mildest

26
Q

Alobar

A

Large central single ventricle, fused thalami, absence of CSP, falx, corpus callosum, 3rd ventricle
Cerebellum is normal
Proboscis
Most severe

27
Q

Semilobar

A

Large central ventricle
Occipital and temporal horns may be present
Variable development of falx and interhemispheric fissure

Associated w/ cleft lip and palate

28
Q

Lobar

A

Two large lateral ventricles
Absent CSP and corpus callosum

29
Q

Microcephaly

A

Overall reduction in brain size, chromosomal aberration, intrauterine infection

Difficult to defect microcephaly prior to 24wks

30
Q

Prosencephaly

A

A result of infarction or hemorrhage of the brain

Shows as anechoic mass within an area of the brain tissue, midline brain shift

31
Q

The strawberry shape is associated with what trisomy?

A

Trisomy 18

32
Q

What is a vein of Galen Aneurysm?

A

Cerebral arteriovenous malformation where the vein of Galen becomes dilated due to increased flow from the malformation.

Often associated with cardiomegaly, ventriculomegaly, and nonimmune hydrops

33
Q

Anencephaly

A

The cephalic end of the neural tube fails to close completely, therefore portions of midbrain and brainstem may be present

Elevated AFP

frog eyes look

34
Q

What is the most common neural tube defect?

A

Anencephaly

35
Q

Caudal regression

A

Structural abnormality of the caudal end of the neural tube, more common w/ patients with diabetes

Associated w/ gentiourinary, gastro, neural tube, and cardiovasc abnormalities

Will appear as absent sacrum, fused pelvis, and short femurs

36
Q

Encephalocele

A

Normal AFP level

A defect in bony calvarium allows herniation of intracranial contents - brain tissue and cerebral spinal fluid - big sac in back of head

M/C in occipital region

Round fluid filled or complex mass extending from calvaria, bony calvarial defect

37
Q

What is a calvarium?

A

The top of the skull (skull cap)

38
Q

Spina bifida

A

Failure of the neural tube to close completely

39
Q

Spina bifida occulta

A

Defect is covered by normal soft tissue, normal AFP level

40
Q

Spina bifida Aperta

A

Defect is uncovered (not so secret), elevated AFP
Associated w/ cleft lip and palate, cardiac defects, encephalocele, gastrointest anomalies, and CLUBfoot

41
Q

TRV appearance of spina bifida

A

Outward splaying of lateral posterior ossificiation centers into a U or V shape

Cystic or complex mass protruding from spinal defect

Cerebellum will take on BANANA sign

MMMM LEMON SIGN

Generalist Exam Studying (16 decks)

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