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Anatomy > Fertilization & Gastrulation & Neurolation > Flashcards

Fertilization & Gastrulation & Neurolation Flashcards

1
Q

Parts that make up the Human Ovum

A 
Corona radiata 
Zona Pellucida 
Nucleus 
Perivitelline space 
Plasma membrane
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2
Q

Chemicals happen in this space in the ovum

A

Perivitelline space

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3
Q

A morpheus cellular proteoglycan network

A

Zona pellucida

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4
Q

How many chromosomes does a ovum have

A

23 (haploid)

23X

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5
Q

Parts of the Human Sperm

A

Head: Acrosome & Nucleus
Neck
Tail: Middle piece, Principle piece, End piece

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6
Q

Has enzyme and takes up anterior 2/3 of human sperm

A

Acrosome

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7
Q

What is contained within the middle piece of the human sperm

A

Mitochondrial sheath

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8
Q

Day 0 is

A

Ovulation

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9
Q

Day 7 is

A

Fertilization

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10
Q

Where does week 1 occur?

A

Uterine tube

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11
Q

First step of Week 1

A

Capacitation

& Passage of sperm through corona radiata

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12
Q

Capacitation is

A

The removal of the glycoprotein coat & seminal plasma proteins from plasma membrane of sperm

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13
Q

What enzyme do sperm release to penetrate through the corona radiata

A

Hyaluronidase

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14
Q

Step 2 of week 1

A

Penetration of zona pellucida

-Zona reaction

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15
Q

Enzymes released to penetrate zona pellucida

A

Esterases, acrosin, neruaminidase

(Acrosin —> main enzyme

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16
Q

Zona reaction

A

One sperm binding to egg to stop all from penetrating

Prevent polyspermy

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17
Q

Step 3 of week 1

A

Fusion of plasma membrane of oocyte and sperm

Head & tail of sperm enter oocyte cytoplasm (mitochondria does not come with)

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18
Q

Step 4 of week 1

A

Completion of second meiotic division
Formation of male pronucleus
Fusion of male & female pronuclei

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19
Q

Fertilization can take up to

A

24 hours

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20
Q

What are the results of fertilization

A 
2nd meiotic division is completed 
Diploid # of chromosome (46) 
Establish sex of embryo (XX or XY)
Metabolic activation of oocyte 
Cleavage initiation
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21
Q

Results in Morula development

A

Cleavage

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22
Q

Morula enters uterus on what day

A

Day 4

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23
Q

When does cleavage occur

A

30 hr after fertilization

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24
Q

What day is the morula created

A

Day 3

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25
Q

Early blastocyst to late blastocyst occurs during which days

A

Day 5-7

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26
Q

Late blastocyst consists of

A

One layer
Inner cell mass
Blastocyst cavity
Trophoblast

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27
Q

In vitro fertilization and embryo transfer steps

A

Ovary stimulated to release egg
—> placement of oocytes in petri with sperm
—> cleavage until 8 cell stage are reached
—> zygote transferred to uterus.

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28
Q

Cryopreservation of embryos can last up to

A

21 years

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29
Q

What is intracytoplasmic sperm injection

A

Injection of 1 sperm to female egg

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30
Q

An early pregnancy factor that release immunosuppressive protein
(Placenta)

A

Trophoblast

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31
Q

Trophoblast gives rise to

A

Cytotrophoblast

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32
Q

Cytotrophoblast give rise to

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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33
Q

Stem cell layer of placenta

Mitotically active

A

Cytotrophoblast

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34
Q

Contains proteolytic enzymes to cause loss of membrane & HCG (chorionic gonadotropin)
Responsible for implantation and initial signal of pregnancy

A

Syncytiotrophoblast

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35
Q

Abnormal trophoblastic proliferation excessive amount of hCG produced

A

Hydtidiform Mole

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36
Q

Fertilization of an empty oocyte followed by duplication of the sperm

A

Complete hydatidiform

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37
Q

Fertilization of an empty oocyte by two sperm

A

Complete hydatidiform mole

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38
Q

Fertilization of normal oocyte by two sperm

A

Partial hydatidiform mole

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39
Q 
Clinical features: 
vaginal bleeding
Pelvic pressure or pain 
Enlarged uterus 
Hyperemesis gravidarum
A

Partial hydatidiform mole

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40
Q

Malignant tumor which develops from hydatidiform mole

A

Choriocarcinomas

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41
Q

Inner cell mass consists of

A

Epiblast & Hypoblast

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42
Q

Epiblast consists of

A

Ectoderm
Amnion
Amniotic cavity

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43
Q

Extraoembryonic placeholder (week 2 only)

A

Hypoblast

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44
Q

Hypoblast gives rise to

A

Prechordal plate
Primary/secondary yolk sac
Extraembryonic mesoderm

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45
Q

Epiblast gives rise to

A

Ectoderm
Amnion
Amniotic Cavity

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46
Q

Extraembryonic mesoderm gives rise to

A

Extraembryonic coelom
Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Extraembryonic Splanchic mesoderm

47
Q

Hollow cavity outside of embryo (extraembryonic mesoderm)

A

Coelom mesoderm

48
Q

Lining the trophoblast & covering the amnion (extraembryonic mesoderm)

A

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

49
Q

Lining the yolk sac (umbilical vesicle)

Extraembryonic mesoderm

A

Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm

50
Q

Derivatives of extraembryonic mesoderm

A

Connecting Stalk
Primitive Blood
Chorion

51
Q

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Forms at embryonic pole
Position changes during development

A

Connecting Stalk

52
Q

Extraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm
Forms in wall of yolk sac
Replaced in week 3

A

Primitive Blood

53
Q

Extraembryonic somatic mesoderm
Cytotrophoblast
Synctiotrophoblast

A

Chorion

54
Q

Implantation starts on day

A

6-10

55
Q

Week 2 problems

A

Ectopic pregnancy

Placenta Previa

56
Q

Implantation within uterine tube/intestines

Can cause internal hemorrhage if ruptured

A

Ectopic pregnancy

57
Q

Placenta covers internal Os of cervix
Vaginal bleeding beyond 20 weeks gestation
Sonographic evalution before digital vaginal examination (finger)

A

Placenta Previa

58
Q

Placenta covers adjacent to Os, not covering

A

Marginal PP

59
Q

Placenta coves half of Os

A

Partial placenta previa

60
Q

Placenta covers total Os

Will require C-section

A

Total placenta previa

61
Q

Type of ectopic pregnancy in which the fertilized egg gets stuck on its way to the uterus.
Fallopian tube is inflamed or misshappen

A

Tubal pregnancy

62
Q

Describe gastrulation

A

Formation of 3 primary germ layers

63
Q

Ectoderm consists of

A

Skin, hair, CNS, eyes, fingernails

64
Q

Mesoderm consists of

A

Muscle, bone, blood, lymph, spleen, heart

65
Q

Endoderm consists of

A

GI tract, liver, lungs, bladder

66
Q

Primitive Streak consists of

A

Primitive knot (primitive node)
Primitive groove
Primitive pit

67
Q

Primitive streak forms along

A

Epiblast (embryonic ectoderm)

68
Q

Week 3 Problems

A

Teratoma
Chordoma
Neurocristopathies

69
Q

Benign tumor involving all three germ layers

A

Teratoma

70
Q

Teratoma surrounding anus

Stem cell remnants from primitive streak

A

Sacrococcygeal teratoma

71
Q

Teratoma surrounding mouth,

Stem cell remnants from week 2 germ cell

A

Oropharyngeal teratoma

72
Q

Rare slow growing aggressive neoplasms of bone
Malignant tumor within brain and sacral regions
Remnants of notochord

A

Chordoma

73
Q

neural crest cell diseases that results in Hirschsprung’s disease

A

Trunk neural crest

74
Q

Neural crest cell disease that results in cleft lip/palate, digeorge syndrome, dental anomalies

A

Cranial Neural Crest

75
Q

Neural crest cell disease (tumor)

A

Neuroblastoma

76
Q

Neural crest cell disease (skin)

A

Albinism

77
Q

Failure of caudal neuropore closure

A

Spina bifida

78
Q

Sunfused vertebral arch, missing spinous process, tuft of hair

A

Spina bifida occults

79
Q

Cyst with CSF, spinal cord still in vertebral column

A

Spina bifida meningocele

80
Q

Cyst filled with CSF, spinal cord & meninges located in cyst

A

Spina bifida meningomyelocele

81
Q

Spinal cord exposed to environment

A

Spina bifida myelocele

82
Q

Notochord process happen in what layer

A

Mesoderm

83
Q

Notochord purposes

A

Template for vertebral column

Induces neural plate

84
Q

Sites of abnormal implantation

A

Ampullary
Isthmic/intraliga
Pr. Ovarian

85
Q 
Endoderm 
Template for umbilical arteries & vein 
Become urachus (attaches to bladder)
A

Allantois

86
Q

Types of Mesoderm

A

Paraxial
Intermediate
Lateral Plate

87
Q

Paraxial Mesoderm gives rise to

A

Somites

88
Q

Somites give rise to

A

Muscle
Skeleton (vertebral)
Dermis

89
Q

Intermediate Mesoderm gives rise to

A

Urogenital

90
Q

Urogenital gives rise to

A

Kidneys & Gonads

91
Q

Later plate gives rise to

A

Connective tissue

92
Q

Lateral plate’s connective tissue gives rise to

A

Blood
Lymph
Mesenteries
Cardiovasclar

93
Q

Splanchnopleure is what type of germ layer and gives rise to

A

Mesoderm next to endoderm that gives rise to organs

94
Q

Somatic mesoderm lies next to

A

Endoderm

95
Q

Rostral Neurpore closes on day

A

25

96
Q

Caudal Neuropore closes on day

A

28

97
Q

Rostral neuropore: open end or closed end

A

Open

98
Q

Caudal neuropore: open or closed end

A

Closed end

99
Q

Primary Neurulation Days

A

Day 22-23 to 27-28

100
Q

Primary Neurulation process

A

Neural plate -> neural folds -> Neural tube + neural crest + surface ectoderm

101
Q

Formation of Caudal & Rostral Neuropore

Zipper up & away from center to ends

A

Primary Neurulation

102
Q

Primary Neurulation gives rise to

A

CNS:

Brain through Lumbar Spinal Cord

103
Q

Secondary Neurulation occurs on what days

A

Day 20 to 42

104
Q

Secondary Neurulation process

A

Caudal Guinence fuses with caudal neuropore

105
Q

Secondary neurulation gives rise to

A

CNS: sacral & coccyx spinal cord

106
Q

Neural Crest Derivatives : Ectomesenchyme

A

Bone & Cartilage
Walls of large arteries from aortic arches
Connective tissue of uvea & sclera (eye)
Enamel & dentin

107
Q

Neural Crest Cell derivatives: neurons

A

Spinal ganglia
(Sensory neurons)
Autonomic ganglia

108
Q

Neural Crest Cell derivatives: supporting cells

A

Schwann cells

Leptomeninges (pia & arachnoid matar)

109
Q

Neural Crest derivatives: pigment cells

A

Melanocytes

110
Q

Neural crest derivatives: endocrrine

A

thyroid gland

111
Q

Failure of rostralneuropore to close

A

Congential (cranial) Neural Tube Defects

112
Q

Missing neocortex & top of cranial skull bones

Incompatible with life

A

Anencephaly

113
Q

Cystic growth on head

A

Encephalocele

Anatomy (12 decks)

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