Female physiologic process & Reproductive disorders Flashcards
adnexa
the fallopian tubes and ovaries
amenorrhea
absence of menstrual flow
cervix:
bottom (inferior) part of the uterus that is located in the vagina
corpus luteum:
site within a follicle that changes after ovulation to produce progesterone
cystocele:
displacement of the bladder downward into the vagina
dysmenorrhea:
painful menstruation
dyspareunia:
difficult or painful sexual intercourse
endometrial ablation:
procedure performed through a hysteroscope in which the lining of the uterus is burned away or ablated to treat abnormal uterine bleeding
endometrium:
mucous membrane lining of the uterus
estrogens:
several hormones produced in the ovaries that develop and maintain the female reproductive system
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):
hormone released by the pituitary gland to stimulate estrogen production and ovulation
fornix:
upper part of the vagina
fundus:
the rounded upper portion of the uterus
graafian follicle:
cystic structure that develops on the ovary as ovulation begins
hymen:
tissue that covers the vaginal opening partially or completely before vaginal penetration
hysteroscopy:
an endoscopic procedure performed using a long telescope like instrument inserted
introitus:
perineal opening to the vagina
luteal phase:
stage in the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium becomes thicker and more vascular
luteinizing hormone (LH):
hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates progesterone production
menarche:
beginning of menstrual function
menopause:
permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity
menstruation:
sloughing and discharge of the lining of the uterus if conception does not take place
ovaries:
almond-shaped reproductive organs that produce eggs at ovulation and play a major role in hormone production
ovulation:
discharge of a mature ovum from the ovary
perimenopause:
the period around menopause
progesterone:
hormone produced by the corpus luteum that prepares the uterus for receiving the fertilized ovum
proliferative phase:
stage in the menstrual cycle before ovulation when the endometrium increases
rectocele:
bulging of the rectum into the vagina
secretory phase:
stage of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium becomes thickened, becomes more vascular, and ovulation occurs
uterine prolapse:
the cervix and uterus descend into the lower vagina
abscess:
a collection of purulent material
Bartholin cyst:
a cyst in a paired Bartholin or vestibular gland in the vulva
brachytherapy:
delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants to a localized area of tissue
candidiasis:
infection caused by Candida species or yeast; also referred to as monilial vaginitis or yeast infection
condylomata:
warty growths indicative of the human papillomavirus
cryotherapy:
destruction of tissue by freezing (e.g., with liquid nitrogen)
cystocele:
displacement of the bladder downward into the vagina
douche:
rinsing the vaginal canal with fluid
dysplasia:
term related to abnormal cell changes; may be found on Pap smear and cervical biopsy reports
endocervicitis:
inflammation of the mucosa and the glands of the cervix
endometriosis:
endometrial tissue in abnormal locations; causes pain with menstruation, scarring, and possible infertility
enterocele:
a protrusion of the intestinal wall into the vagina
fibroid tumor:
usually benign tumor arising from the muscle tissue of the uterus
fistula:
abnormal opening between two organs or sites (e.g., vesicovaginal, between bladder and vagina; rectovaginal, between rectum and vagina)
hyphae:
long, branching filamentous structures characteristic of fungi such as Candida seen under microscopic examination
hysterectomy:
surgical removal of the uterus
loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP):
procedure in which a laser is used to remove a thin layer of cervical tissue after abnormal biopsy findings
myomectomy:
surgical removal of uterine fibroids
oophorectomy:
surgical removal of an ovary
pelvic exenteration:
major surgical procedure in which the pelvic organs are removed
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID):
inflammatory condition of the pelvic cavity, usually from a sexually transmitted infection
polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS):
complex endocrine condition resulting in chronic anovulation, androgen excess, and multiple ovarian cysts
rectocele:
bulging of the rectum into the vagina
salpingitis:
inflammation of the fallopian tube
salpingo-oophorectomy:
removal of the ovary and its fallopian tube (removal of the fallopian tube alone is a salpingectomy)
vaginitis:
inflammation of the vagina, usually secondary to infection
vulvar dystrophy:
thickening or lesions of the vulva; usually causes itching and may require biopsy to exclude malignancy
vulvectomy:
removal of the tissue of the vulva
vulvitis:
inflammation of the vulva, usually secondary to infection or irritation
vulvodynia:
painful condition that affects the vulva
What are some signs and symptoms of vulvovaginal infections?
Allergies Diabetes Frequent douching HIV infection Intercourse with infected partner Long-term or repeated use of broad-spectrum antibiotics Low estrogen levels Oral–genital contact (yeast can inhabit the mouth and intestinal tract) Perimenopause/Menopause Poor personal hygiene Pregnancy Premenarche Synthetic clothing Tight undergarments Use of oral contraceptives
What type of medication would you use to treat candidiasis (vaginal infection)
miconazole (Monistat) and clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin)
What type of medication would you use to treat Gardnerella-associated (bacterial vaginosis)
metronidazole (Flagyl)
What type of medication would you use to treat Trichomonas vaginalis (vaginitis)
oral metronidazole
What type of medication would you use to treat Bartholinitis (infection of greater vestibular gland)
Drain abscess, antibiotic therapy
What type of medication would you use to treat Cervicitis—acute and chronic
Eradocate gonococcal organism, if present: penicillin (as directed) or spectinomycin or tetracycline.
Tetracycline, doxycycline (Vibramycin) to eradicate chlamydia.
What type of medication would you use to treat Atrophic vaginitis
topical vaginal estrogen therapy
What is the most common STI in the United States?
HPV, Human Papillomavirus
What are the most common causes of endocervicitic and cervicitis
Chlamydia and gonorrhea
What medicine do you use to treat chlamydia?
doxycycline (Vibramycin) for 1 week or a single dose of azithromycin (Zithromax)
What are the organs and tissues involved in PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)?
Cervical, vaginal canal, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus.
What is used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease?
broad-spectrum antibiotics. ceftriaxone (Rocephin), doxycycline, and metronidazole (Flagyl).
___% of new HIV infections in women are from heterosexual contact
84
What percentage of HIV patients are woman?
25%
What is a fistula
An abnormal opening between two hollow organs or between and internal hallow organ and the exterior of the body.
Cystocele
a downward displacement of the bladder toward the vaginal orifice from damage to the anterior vaginal support structures.
Rectocele
an upward pouching of the rectum that pushes the posterior wall of the vagina forward.
enterocele
is a protrusion of the intestinal wall into the vagina.
Bartholin cyst
from the obstruction of a duct in one of the paired Bartholin or vestibular mucus-secreting glands located in the posterior third of the vulva, near the vestibule.
What bacteria causes bartholin cysts?
Escherichia coli, or Staphylococcus aureus
How do you treat a barthlin cysts?
cyst is asymptomatic, treatment is unnecessary. Moist heat or sitz baths may promote drainage and resolution. If drainage is necessary a catheter (4-6 weeks) and cyst is drained.
What is Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?
hormonal imbalance or cystic disorder that affects the ovaries. Hypothalamic–pituitary and ovarian network or axis, resulting in chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism.
What percentage of (childbearing age) woman have PCOS?
6-15%
Endrometriosis
benign lesion or lesions that contain endometrial tissue found in the pelvic cavity outside the uterus
What are some risk factors for cervical cancer?
Chronic cervical infection Early childbearing Exposure to diethylstilbestrol in utero Exposure to human papillomavirus, types 16 and 18 Family history of cervical cancer HIV infection and other causes of immune deficiency Low socioeconomic status Nutritional deficiencies Overweight status Prolonged use of oral contraceptives Sexual activity: Multiple sex partners Early age (<20 years) at first coitus Sexual contact with men whose partners have had cervical cancer Sex with uncircumcised men Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke
If hemorrhage and shock occur (after vaginal surgery), what interventions should take place?
include fluid replacement, blood component therapy, and vasopressor medications. Determine cause of hemorrhage!
