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Med Surg > Female physiologic process & Reproductive disorders > Flashcards

Female physiologic process & Reproductive disorders Flashcards

1
Q

adnexa

A

the fallopian tubes and ovaries

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2
Q

amenorrhea

A

absence of menstrual flow

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3
Q

cervix:

A

bottom (inferior) part of the uterus that is located in the vagina

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4
Q

corpus luteum:

A

site within a follicle that changes after ovulation to produce progesterone

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5
Q

cystocele:

A

displacement of the bladder downward into the vagina

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6
Q

dysmenorrhea:

A

painful menstruation

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7
Q

dyspareunia:

A

difficult or painful sexual intercourse

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8
Q

endometrial ablation:

A

procedure performed through a hysteroscope in which the lining of the uterus is burned away or ablated to treat abnormal uterine bleeding

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9
Q

endometrium:

A

mucous membrane lining of the uterus

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10
Q

estrogens:

A

several hormones produced in the ovaries that develop and maintain the female reproductive system

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11
Q

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH):

A

hormone released by the pituitary gland to stimulate estrogen production and ovulation

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12
Q

fornix:

A

upper part of the vagina

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13
Q

fundus:

A

the rounded upper portion of the uterus

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14
Q

graafian follicle:

A

cystic structure that develops on the ovary as ovulation begins

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15
Q

hymen:

A

tissue that covers the vaginal opening partially or completely before vaginal penetration

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16
Q

hysteroscopy:

A

an endoscopic procedure performed using a long telescope like instrument inserted

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17
Q

introitus:

A

perineal opening to the vagina

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18
Q

luteal phase:

A

stage in the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium becomes thicker and more vascular

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19
Q

luteinizing hormone (LH):

A

hormone released by the pituitary gland that stimulates progesterone production

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20
Q

menarche:

A

beginning of menstrual function

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21
Q

menopause:

A

permanent cessation of menstruation resulting from the loss of ovarian follicular activity

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22
Q

menstruation:

A

sloughing and discharge of the lining of the uterus if conception does not take place

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23
Q

ovaries:

A

almond-shaped reproductive organs that produce eggs at ovulation and play a major role in hormone production

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24
Q

ovulation:

A

discharge of a mature ovum from the ovary

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25
Q

perimenopause:

A

the period around menopause

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26
Q

progesterone:

A

hormone produced by the corpus luteum that prepares the uterus for receiving the fertilized ovum

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27
Q

proliferative phase:

A

stage in the menstrual cycle before ovulation when the endometrium increases

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28
Q

rectocele:

A

bulging of the rectum into the vagina

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29
Q

secretory phase:

A

stage of the menstrual cycle in which the endometrium becomes thickened, becomes more vascular, and ovulation occurs

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30
Q

uterine prolapse:

A

the cervix and uterus descend into the lower vagina

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31
Q

abscess:

A

a collection of purulent material

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32
Q

Bartholin cyst:

A

a cyst in a paired Bartholin or vestibular gland in the vulva

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33
Q

brachytherapy:

A

delivery of radiation therapy through internal implants to a localized area of tissue

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34
Q

candidiasis:

A

infection caused by Candida species or yeast; also referred to as monilial vaginitis or yeast infection

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35
Q

condylomata:

A

warty growths indicative of the human papillomavirus

36
Q

cryotherapy:

A

destruction of tissue by freezing (e.g., with liquid nitrogen)

37
Q

cystocele:

A

displacement of the bladder downward into the vagina

38
Q

douche:

A

rinsing the vaginal canal with fluid

39
Q

dysplasia:

A

term related to abnormal cell changes; may be found on Pap smear and cervical biopsy reports

40
Q

endocervicitis:

A

inflammation of the mucosa and the glands of the cervix

41
Q

endometriosis:

A

endometrial tissue in abnormal locations; causes pain with menstruation, scarring, and possible infertility

42
Q

enterocele:

A

a protrusion of the intestinal wall into the vagina

43
Q

fibroid tumor:

A

usually benign tumor arising from the muscle tissue of the uterus

44
Q

fistula:

A

abnormal opening between two organs or sites (e.g., vesicovaginal, between bladder and vagina; rectovaginal, between rectum and vagina)

45
Q

hyphae:

A

long, branching filamentous structures characteristic of fungi such as Candida seen under microscopic examination

46
Q

hysterectomy:

A

surgical removal of the uterus

47
Q

loop electrocautery excision procedure (LEEP):

A

procedure in which a laser is used to remove a thin layer of cervical tissue after abnormal biopsy findings

48
Q

myomectomy:

A

surgical removal of uterine fibroids

49
Q

oophorectomy:

A

surgical removal of an ovary

50
Q

pelvic exenteration:

A

major surgical procedure in which the pelvic organs are removed

51
Q

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID):

A

inflammatory condition of the pelvic cavity, usually from a sexually transmitted infection

52
Q

polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS):

A

complex endocrine condition resulting in chronic anovulation, androgen excess, and multiple ovarian cysts

53
Q

rectocele:

A

bulging of the rectum into the vagina

54
Q

salpingitis:

A

inflammation of the fallopian tube

55
Q

salpingo-oophorectomy:

A

removal of the ovary and its fallopian tube (removal of the fallopian tube alone is a salpingectomy)

56
Q

vaginitis:

A

inflammation of the vagina, usually secondary to infection

57
Q

vulvar dystrophy:

A

thickening or lesions of the vulva; usually causes itching and may require biopsy to exclude malignancy

58
Q

vulvectomy:

A

removal of the tissue of the vulva

59
Q

vulvitis:

A

inflammation of the vulva, usually secondary to infection or irritation

60
Q

vulvodynia:

A

painful condition that affects the vulva

61
Q

What are some signs and symptoms of vulvovaginal infections?

A 
Allergies
Diabetes
Frequent douching
HIV infection
Intercourse with infected partner
Long-term or repeated use of broad-spectrum antibiotics
Low estrogen levels
Oral–genital contact (yeast can inhabit the mouth and intestinal tract)
Perimenopause/Menopause
Poor personal hygiene
Pregnancy
Premenarche
Synthetic clothing
Tight undergarments
Use of oral contraceptives
62
Q

What type of medication would you use to treat candidiasis (vaginal infection)

A

miconazole (Monistat) and clotrimazole (Gyne-Lotrimin)

63
Q

What type of medication would you use to treat Gardnerella-associated (bacterial vaginosis)

A

metronidazole (Flagyl)

64
Q

What type of medication would you use to treat Trichomonas vaginalis (vaginitis)

A

oral metronidazole

65
Q

What type of medication would you use to treat Bartholinitis (infection of greater vestibular gland)

A

Drain abscess, antibiotic therapy

66
Q

What type of medication would you use to treat Cervicitis—acute and chronic

A

Eradocate gonococcal organism, if present: penicillin (as directed) or spectinomycin or tetracycline.
Tetracycline, doxycycline (Vibramycin) to eradicate chlamydia.

67
Q

What type of medication would you use to treat Atrophic vaginitis

A

topical vaginal estrogen therapy

68
Q

What is the most common STI in the United States?

A

HPV, Human Papillomavirus

69
Q

What are the most common causes of endocervicitic and cervicitis

A

Chlamydia and gonorrhea

70
Q

What medicine do you use to treat chlamydia?

A

doxycycline (Vibramycin) for 1 week or a single dose of azithromycin (Zithromax)

71
Q

What are the organs and tissues involved in PID (Pelvic Inflammatory Disease)?

A

Cervical, vaginal canal, cervix, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and uterus.

72
Q

What is used to treat pelvic inflammatory disease?

A

broad-spectrum antibiotics. ceftriaxone (Rocephin), doxycycline, and metronidazole (Flagyl).

73
Q

___% of new HIV infections in women are from heterosexual contact

A

84

74
Q

What percentage of HIV patients are woman?

A

25%

75
Q

What is a fistula

A

An abnormal opening between two hollow organs or between and internal hallow organ and the exterior of the body.

76
Q

Cystocele

A

a downward displacement of the bladder toward the vaginal orifice from damage to the anterior vaginal support structures.

77
Q

Rectocele

A

an upward pouching of the rectum that pushes the posterior wall of the vagina forward.

78
Q

enterocele

A

is a protrusion of the intestinal wall into the vagina.

79
Q

Bartholin cyst

A

from the obstruction of a duct in one of the paired Bartholin or vestibular mucus-secreting glands located in the posterior third of the vulva, near the vestibule.

80
Q

What bacteria causes bartholin cysts?

A

Escherichia coli, or Staphylococcus aureus

81
Q

How do you treat a barthlin cysts?

A

cyst is asymptomatic, treatment is unnecessary. Moist heat or sitz baths may promote drainage and resolution. If drainage is necessary a catheter (4-6 weeks) and cyst is drained.

82
Q

What is Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)?

A

hormonal imbalance or cystic disorder that affects the ovaries. Hypothalamic–pituitary and ovarian network or axis, resulting in chronic anovulation and hyperandrogenism.

83
Q

What percentage of (childbearing age) woman have PCOS?

A

6-15%

84
Q

Endrometriosis

A

benign lesion or lesions that contain endometrial tissue found in the pelvic cavity outside the uterus

85
Q

What are some risk factors for cervical cancer?

A 
Chronic cervical infection
Early childbearing
Exposure to diethylstilbestrol in utero
Exposure to human papillomavirus, types 16 and 18
Family history of cervical cancer
HIV infection and other causes of immune deficiency
Low socioeconomic status 
Nutritional deficiencies 
Overweight status
Prolonged use of oral contraceptives
Sexual activity:
Multiple sex partners
Early age (<20 years) at first coitus 
Sexual contact with men whose partners have had cervical cancer
Sex with uncircumcised men
Smoking and exposure to secondhand smoke
86
Q

If hemorrhage and shock occur (after vaginal surgery), what interventions should take place?

A

include fluid replacement, blood component therapy, and vasopressor medications. Determine cause of hemorrhage!

Med Surg (17 decks)

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