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Med Surg > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

diabetes

A

a group of metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action, or both

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2
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

A

a metabolic derangement in type 1 diabetes that results from a deficiency of insulin; highly acidic ketone bodies are formed, resulting in acidosis

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3
Q

fasting plasma glucose (FPG)

A

blood glucose determination obtained in the laboratory after fasting for at least 8 hours

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4
Q

gestational diabetes

A

any degree of glucose intolerance with its onset during pregnancy due to placental hormones

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5
Q

glycated hemoglobin (glycosylated hemoglobin, HgbA1C, or A1C)

A

a measure of glucose control that is a result of glucose molecule attaching to hemoglobin for the life of the red blood cell (120 days)

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6
Q

glycemic index

A

the amount a given food increases the blood glucose level compared with an equivalent amount of glucose

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7
Q

hyperglycemia

A

elevated blood glucose level

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8
Q

hyperglycemic hyperosmolar syndrome (HHS)

A

a metabolic disorder of type 2 diabetes resulting from a relative insulin deficiency initiated by an illness that raises the demand for insulin

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9
Q

hypoglycemia

A

low blood glucose level

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10
Q

impaired fasting glucose (IFG) or impaired glucose tolerance (IGT)

A

a metabolic stage intermediate between normal glucose homeostasis and diabetes; referred to as prediabetes

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11
Q

insulin

A

a hormone secreted by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans of the pancreas that is necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats; a deficiency of insulin results in diabetes

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12
Q

insulin pump

A

a continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion device that delivers insulin on a 24-hour basis

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13
Q

ketone

A

a highly acidic substance formed when the liver breaks down free fatty acids in the absence of insulin

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14
Q

latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA)

A

A subtype of diabetes

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15
Q

medical nutrition therapy (MNT)

A

nutritional therapy prescribed for management of diabetes that usually is given by a registered dietician

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16
Q

nephropathy

A

a long-term complication of diabetes in which the kidney cells are damaged; characterized by microalbuminuria in early stages and progressing to end-stage kidney disease

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17
Q

neuropathy

A

a long-term complication of diabetes resulting from damage to the nerve cell

18
Q

prediabetes

A

impaired glucose metabolism in which blood glucose concentrations fall between normal levels and those considered diagnostic for diabetes; includes impaired fasting glucose and impaired glucose tolerance, not clinical entities in their own right but risk factors for future diabetes and cardiovascular disease

19
Q

retinopathy

A

a complication of diabetes in which the small blood vessels that nourish the retina in the eye are damaged

20
Q

self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG)

A

a method of capillary blood glucose testing

21
Q

type 1 diabetes

A

a metabolic disorder characterized by an absence of insulin production and secretion from autoimmune destruction of the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas; formerly called insulin-dependent diabetes, or juvenile diabetes

22
Q

type 2 diabetes

A

a metabolic disorder characterized by the relative deficiency of insulin production and a decreased insulin action and increased insulin resistance; formerly called non–insulin-dependent diabetes, or adult-onset diabetes

23
Q

What hormone inhibits glycogenolisys?

A

insulin

24
Q

What are the “three P’s”?

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

25
Q

What percentage of the daily diet should be whole grain carbohydrates (for diabetic patients)?

A

50-60%

26
Q

What percentage of the daily diet should be fats (for diabetic patients)?

A

30%

27
Q

What percentage of protein foods are converted to glucose?

A

50%

28
Q

How many grams are in one serving of carbohydrates?

A

15 grams

29
Q

What is a good range for blood sugar control?

A

80-140

30
Q

What are few things that can decreased blood sugar?

A

exercise and diet

31
Q

What are a few things that can increase blood sugar.

A

Carbohydrates, stress, illness or infection

32
Q

With what type of insulin do you need to eat 5-15 minutes after injection?

A

Rapid-acting. lispro, aspart, and glulisine.

33
Q

What type of insulin can be given once a day due to its 24 hour absorption?

A

Very long acting, “peakless” or basal.

glargine or detemir.

34
Q

What is the dawn effect regarding blood glucose levels?

A

Relatively normal blood glucose until approx. 3 am and then blood glucose levels begin to rise. This effect Type I patients more.

35
Q

What is the Somogyi effect?

A

Nocturnal hypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia.

36
Q

What are the emergency measures for hypoglycemia for a patient that is unconscious or cannot swallow?

A

Subcutaneous or IM glucagon (1mg)

25-50 mL of 50% dextrose solution IV push

37
Q

What are some clinical manifestations in the hyperglycemic aspects of DKA?

A

3-Ps, fatigue, blurred vision, weakness, and headache. Drop in systolic BP to 20 mmHg (orthostatic), weak rapid pulse, and FVD.

38
Q

What are some clinical manifestations in the ketosis and acidosis aspects of DKA?

A

GI symptoms: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Acetone breath & elevated ketone levels. Hyperventilation: deep but not labored. Mental status varies: alert, lethargic or comatose.

39
Q

High A1C in diabetes does what to hemoglobin?

A

excess glucose in the blood causes damage and attaches to the hemoglobin

40
Q

Hydration of a patient with DKA is important however these patients are usually on ECG monitoring due to what electrolyte change?

A

Potassium loss.

41
Q

What is the most common complication that leads to hospitalization in diabetic patients?

A

Foot injury!

Med Surg (17 decks)

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