Female Pelvis Flashcards
What 2 anomalies are due to “failure of resorption of the median septum?”
- Septate uterus
- Subseptate
What 2 uterine anomalies are due to “failure of fusion”?
- Bicornuate uterus
- Didelphys uterus
What are the names of cysts located in the anterolateral wall of the vagina?
Gartner Duct cysts
What is the most common benign neoplasms of the cervix?
Polyps
What may cause endometrial hyperplasia?
Increased estrogen levels and can increase the risk of cancer
What is the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in women?
Endometrial hyperplasia
What may cause Asherman’s syndrome/synechiae?
Adhesions to the endometrium may be due to C-section or D&C procedures - trauma to uterine lining
What abnormality occurs when a C/S scar ruptures?
Uterine dehisence
What is the most common tumor of the female pelvis?
Leiomyomas
Where is the most common location that PID affects in a female internally?
Fallopian tubes - salpingitis
What is the difference between adenomyosis and endometriosis?
Endometriosis: ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus and will often see “chocolate cysts” within the ovary
Adenomyosis: ectopic endometrial tissue confined within myometrium.
What pathology should be considered upon poor visualization of the junction between the endometrium and myometrium?
Adenomyosis
What is the most common clinical presentation of endometrial cancer?
Bleeding - usually diagnosed in the 6th or 7th decade
About 80 percent of all endometrial cancers are:
A) Leiomyosarcoma
B) Adenocarcinoma
Adenocarcinoma
What measurement in postmenopausal women not on HRT) should cause suspicion for carcinoma?
> 5mm
What is the most common germ cell tumor of the pelvis?
Cystic teratoma AKA dermoid - aged 20-40
The most common type of benign cystic ovarian tumor?
Cystadenomas - aged 20-50’s
What type of ovarian tumor/growth are estrogen producing?
Thecoma/ theca cell tumour
What is Meig’s syndrome?
Triad: ovarian neoplasm, pleural effusion, escites
What hormone related to the menstrual cycle is released from the hypothalamus?
A) FSH
B) GnRH
C) LH
D) Progesterone
GnRH
What hormone related to the menstrual cycle is released from the anterior pituitary?
A) Estrogen
B) GnRH
C) LH
D) Progesterone
LH
FSH is responsible for secretion of what hormone?
A) Estrogen
B) GnRH
C) LH
D) Progesterone
Estrogen
LH is responsible for secretion of what hormone?
A) Estrogen
B) GnRH
C) LH
D) Progesterone
Progesterone
What hormone stimulates ovulation?
LH
What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?
Follicular phase - 1-13
Ovulation - day 14
Luteal phase - 15-28
What hormones are secreted by the ovaries?
Estrogen, progesterone, inhibin
What hormones are secreted by the POSTERIOR pituitary? (2)
ADH
Oxytocin
What hormone stimulates the endometrium to thicken before ovulation occurs?
A) Estrogen
B) GnRH
C) LH
D) Progesterone
Estrogen
What hormone prepares the endometrium for implantation?
A) Estrogen
B) GnRH
C) LH
D) Progesterone
Progesterone
What is the term for a menstrual cycle < 21 days?
Polymenorrhea
What is the term for a menstrual cycle > 35 days?
Oligomenorrhea
What are the three phases of menses?
Menstruation: days 1-5, endometrium thinnest <4mm
Proliferative: days 6-10, “three line sign”, endometrium 5-8mm
Days 11-13: “three line sign”, endo = 11mm
Secretory: Days 14-28, endo =9-16mm
What layer of the endometrium is shed during menses?
Functional layer
What is a normal endometrial thickness for post-menopausal women?
<4-5mm
What might cause of postmenopausal bleeding?
1) Endo atrophy
2) Endo hyperplasia
3) Fibroids
4) Endo polyps
5) Endo cancer
For post-hysterectomy patients, what do the terms “partial”, “total”, and “radical” mean?
Partial - uterus is only taken out - cx and upper vagina remain
Total - uterus, cervix, and upper vagina are taken out
Radical - EVERYTHING including ovaries and fallopian tubes are removed
About 80 percent of all endometrial cancers are called?
Adenocarcinomas
At what age is endometrial cancer typically diagnosed?
6th-7th decade
What is the most common clinical indication of endometrial carcinoma?
Vaginal bleeding
Choose the most accurate representation of a uterine leiomyosarcomas?
A) rare and slow growing
B) rare and fast growing
C) common and slow growing
D) common and fast growing
B - rare and fast growing
What age range is typical for fallopian tube cancer?
A) 40-50
B) 40-60
C) 50-60
D) 50-70
40-60
What type of carcinoma in the female pelvis has a “cogwheel” sign in TRV?
Fallopian tube
What is the greatest risk factor for the development of cervical carcinoma?
HPV
When does cervical cancer typically occur?
Under 50
Thick, irregular walls or thick septations within the ovary greater than what measurement may be associated with inflammation, endometriosis, or malignancy?
3mm
What type of ovarian cyst may occur when a patient has very high HcG?
Theca lutein