Feedback and Reinforcement

Question 1

Define reinforcement?

Answer 1

Reinforcement is the use of rewards and punishment, which increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future.

Question 2

Define Positive reinforcement?

Answer 2

If doing something results in a good consequence (such as being rewarded), people tend to repeat the behaviour to achieve additional positive consequences.

Question 3

Define Negative reinforcement?

Answer 3

If doing something results in an unpleasant consequence (such as being punished), people tend not to repeat the behaviour to avoid more negative consequences.

Question 4

Why are principles of reinforcement complex?

Answer 4

People react differently to the same reinforcement.

People are unable to repeat desirable behaviours.

People receive different reinforcers in different situations.

Question 5

Define the positive approach to reinforcement?

Answer 5

Focuses on rewarding appropriate behaviour, which increases the likelihood of desirable responses occurring in the future.

Question 6

Define the negative approach to reinforcement?

Answer 6

Focuses on punishing undesirable behaviours, which should lead to future redirection of these inappropriate behaviours

Question 7

What are the principles of positive reinforcement ?

Answer 7

Choose effective reinforcers that meet participant needs.

Choose the timing or frequency of reinforcement.

Reward appropriate behaviours.

Provide performance feedback.

Question 8

What are the benefits of feedback?

Answer 8

Motivational feedback influences performance by:
* Enhancing confidence, inspiring greater effort, and creating a positive mood
* Providing valuable reinforcement to the performer
* Establishing goal-setting programs

Instructional feedback provides information about:
* Specific behaviours to be performed
* Levels of ability/skill that should be achieved
* The performer’s current level of ability/skill

Question 9

Define Knowledge of results?

Answer 9

information about the outcome of an action

Question 10

Define knowledge of performance?

Answer 10

feedback regarding the correctness of an action or type of movement pattern

Question 11

What should you not do when giving feedback?

Answer 11

Focus on criticism.
Focus on criticism with sarcasm.
Use physical abuse.
Employ guilt.

Question 12

What are the supports for punishment ?

Answer 12

• Punishment can serve an educational purpose (i.e., maintain stability, order, mastery).
• Punishment can deter future cheating or wrongdoing.
• Individuals who cheat should be punished.
• Demonstrates to others that all will be held accountable for their actions.

Question 13

what are the criticisms for punishment?

Answer 13

• Punishment can be degrading or shame-producing.
• Punishment can produce fear of failure.
• Punishment can reinforce behaviour by drawing attention to it.
• Punishment can create an unpleasant learning environment.

Question 14

What are the effects of punishment?

Answer 14

Yelling can negatively affect athletes fun and enjoyment as well as developing negative perceptions of their coach.

Being benched stimulates negative perceptions of athletes abilities as well as reducing athletes perceptions of fun and enjoyment.

Using physical activity as punishment fosters detrimental teammate interactions.

Question 15

What are the Effects of Punishment on Sport Participation ?

Answer 15

Punishment caused athletes to question their abilities and their usefulness to the team.

Punishment diminished the sense of fun and enjoyment athletes experience.

Punishment can cause athletes to become interested in other activities.

Negative coach athlete relationships resulting from punishment influenced some players decision to cease participation.

Question 16

what is behaviour modification?

Answer 16

The application of principles of reinforcement to help produce desirable behaviour and eliminate undesirable behaviour

Also known as:
Contingency management
Behavioural coaching
Behaviour modification

Question 17

what are the principles of behavioural coaching?

Answer 17

Consistent use of verbal instruction and feedback (with the same words/phrases)

Immediate positive and negative reinforcement

Positive practice (repeating a set of movements in the correct way in a controlled environment where mistakes cannot be made)

Time out (removing players from practice or play when they exhibit incorrect behaviours)

Question 18

what are the Behavioral Guidelines for initiating and painting physical activity ?

Answer 18

Self-monitor.
Identify potential barriers.
Seek social support.
Set realistic goals.
Enhance self-efficacy for exercise.

Question 19

points to Create Effective Behavioral Programs?

Answer 19

Target the behaviours you want to change.
Define targeted behaviours
Record the behaviours
Provide meaningful feedback.
State outcomes clearly
Tailor reward systems

Question 20

Define Amotivation?

Answer 20

Neither intrinsically or extrinsically motivated

Low self-determination

Question 21

Define Extrinsic motivation?

Answer 21

Motivated by external factors (e.g. other people, rewards, etc.)

Mid-point of self-determination

Question 22

Define intrinsic motivation?

Answer 22

Motivated internally (e.g. to improve self, for enjoyment, etc.)

High self-determination

Question 23

what are the social factors that effect Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation?

Answer 23

Success and failure (contribute to feelings of competency)

Focus of competition (competing against self vs. others)

Question 24

what are the Psychological factors that effect Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation?

Answer 24

Need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness

Passion

Question 25

Define Harmonious Passion?

Answer 25

A strong desire to engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of one’s identity

Question 26

Define obsessive Passion?

Answer 26

An uncontrollable desire to participate in an activity that does not become part of one’s identity.

Question 27

What are the three ways to Transform Activities into Passionate Activities?

Answer 27

Activity selection, Activity valuation, Type of internalization

Question 28

What is Cognitive Evaluation Theory?

Answer 28

Cognitive evaluation theory identifies the conditions under which external rewards undermine intrinsic motivation.

Question 29

what are the Basic principles of cognitive evaluation theory?

Answer 29

How rewards are perceived is critical in determining whether intrinsic motivation increases or decreases.

Question 30

What is self determination Theory?

Answer 30

focuses on identifying and explaining the factors that facilitate or undermine the development of intrinsic motivation.

Question 31

What are the Extrinsic Rewards & Intrinsic Motivation in Sport ?

Answer 31

Scholarships

Competitive success and failure

Positive feedback increases intrinsic motivation.

Question 32

What are the coaching styles?

Answer 32

Autonomy Supportive Coach
* Encourages athlete initiative.
* Allows athletes to make decisions.
* Offers choice to athletes relative to goals or values.
* Provides rationales.
* Acknowledges negative feelings associated with task engagement.
* Is nonjudgmental.
Works to understand athlete before acting.

Controlling Coach
* Is coercive, pressuring, and authoritarian.
* Excessively monitors athletes.
* Marginalizes athlete input.
* Attempts to influence athletes’ non-sport lives
* Uses intimidation.
* Uses guilt-inducing statements.
* Withdraws attention and positive regard for noncompliance

Question 33

what are Higher levels of intrinsic motivation are related to?

Answer 33

Playing for an autonomous (democratic) vs. a controlling coach

Participating in a recreational vs. competitive league

High vs. low perceived competence

High vs. low perceived control

Autonomy-supportive vs. controlling coaching

Question 34

What are the Strategies for Increasing Intrinsic Motivation ?

Answer 34

Provide for successful experiences.

Give rewards contingent on performance.

Use verbal and nonverbal praise.

Vary content and sequence of practice drills.

Involve participants in decisions.

Set realistic performance goals.