Feedback and Reinforcement Flashcards
Define reinforcement?
Reinforcement is the use of rewards and punishment, which increase or decrease the likelihood of a similar response occurring in the future.
Define Positive reinforcement?
If doing something results in a good consequence (such as being rewarded), people tend to repeat the behaviour to achieve additional positive consequences.
Define Negative reinforcement?
If doing something results in an unpleasant consequence (such as being punished), people tend not to repeat the behaviour to avoid more negative consequences.
Why are principles of reinforcement complex?
People react differently to the same reinforcement.
People are unable to repeat desirable behaviours.
People receive different reinforcers in different situations.
Define the positive approach to reinforcement?
Focuses on rewarding appropriate behaviour, which increases the likelihood of desirable responses occurring in the future.
Define the negative approach to reinforcement?
Focuses on punishing undesirable behaviours, which should lead to future redirection of these inappropriate behaviours
What are the principles of positive reinforcement ?
Choose effective reinforcers that meet participant needs.
Choose the timing or frequency of reinforcement.
Reward appropriate behaviours.
Provide performance feedback.
What are the benefits of feedback?
Motivational feedback influences performance by:
* Enhancing confidence, inspiring greater effort, and creating a positive mood
* Providing valuable reinforcement to the performer
* Establishing goal-setting programs
Instructional feedback provides information about:
* Specific behaviours to be performed
* Levels of ability/skill that should be achieved
* The performer’s current level of ability/skill
Define Knowledge of results?
information about the outcome of an action
Define knowledge of performance?
feedback regarding the correctness of an action or type of movement pattern
What should you not do when giving feedback?
Focus on criticism.
Focus on criticism with sarcasm.
Use physical abuse.
Employ guilt.
What are the supports for punishment ?
- Punishment can serve an educational purpose (i.e., maintain stability, order, mastery).
- Punishment can deter future cheating or wrongdoing.
- Individuals who cheat should be punished.
- Demonstrates to others that all will be held accountable for their actions.
what are the criticisms for punishment?
- Punishment can be degrading or shame-producing.
- Punishment can produce fear of failure.
- Punishment can reinforce behaviour by drawing attention to it.
- Punishment can create an unpleasant learning environment.
What are the effects of punishment?
Yelling can negatively affect athletes fun and enjoyment as well as developing negative perceptions of their coach.
Being benched stimulates negative perceptions of athletes abilities as well as reducing athletes perceptions of fun and enjoyment.
Using physical activity as punishment fosters detrimental teammate interactions.
What are the Effects of Punishment on Sport Participation ?
Punishment caused athletes to question their abilities and their usefulness to the team.
Punishment diminished the sense of fun and enjoyment athletes experience.
Punishment can cause athletes to become interested in other activities.
Negative coach athlete relationships resulting from punishment influenced some players decision to cease participation.
what is behaviour modification?
The application of principles of reinforcement to help produce desirable behaviour and eliminate undesirable behaviour
Also known as:
Contingency management
Behavioural coaching
Behaviour modification
what are the principles of behavioural coaching?
Consistent use of verbal instruction and feedback (with the same words/phrases)
Immediate positive and negative reinforcement
Positive practice (repeating a set of movements in the correct way in a controlled environment where mistakes cannot be made)
Time out (removing players from practice or play when they exhibit incorrect behaviours)
what are the Behavioral Guidelines for initiating and painting physical activity ?
Self-monitor.
Identify potential barriers.
Seek social support.
Set realistic goals.
Enhance self-efficacy for exercise.
points to Create Effective Behavioral Programs?
Target the behaviours you want to change.
Define targeted behaviours
Record the behaviours
Provide meaningful feedback.
State outcomes clearly
Tailor reward systems
Define Amotivation?
Neither intrinsically or extrinsically motivated
Low self-determination
Define Extrinsic motivation?
Motivated by external factors (e.g. other people, rewards, etc.)
Mid-point of self-determination
Define intrinsic motivation?
Motivated internally (e.g. to improve self, for enjoyment, etc.)
High self-determination
what are the social factors that effect Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation?
Success and failure (contribute to feelings of competency)
Focus of competition (competing against self vs. others)
what are the Psychological factors that effect Intrinsic & Extrinsic Motivation?
Need for competence, autonomy, and relatedness
Passion
Define Harmonious Passion?
A strong desire to engage in an activity freely as it becomes part of one’s identity
Define obsessive Passion?
An uncontrollable desire to participate in an activity that does not become part of one’s identity.
What are the three ways to Transform Activities into Passionate Activities?
Activity selection, Activity valuation, Type of internalization
What is Cognitive Evaluation Theory?
Cognitive evaluation theory identifies the conditions under which external rewards undermine intrinsic motivation.
what are the Basic principles of cognitive evaluation theory?
How rewards are perceived is critical in determining whether intrinsic motivation increases or decreases.
What is self determination Theory?
focuses on identifying and explaining the factors that facilitate or undermine the development of intrinsic motivation.
What are the Extrinsic Rewards & Intrinsic Motivation in Sport ?
Scholarships
Competitive success and failure
Positive feedback increases intrinsic motivation.
What are the coaching styles?
Autonomy Supportive Coach
* Encourages athlete initiative.
* Allows athletes to make decisions.
* Offers choice to athletes relative to goals or values.
* Provides rationales.
* Acknowledges negative feelings associated with task engagement.
* Is nonjudgmental.
Works to understand athlete before acting.
Controlling Coach
* Is coercive, pressuring, and authoritarian.
* Excessively monitors athletes.
* Marginalizes athlete input.
* Attempts to influence athletes’ non-sport lives
* Uses intimidation.
* Uses guilt-inducing statements.
* Withdraws attention and positive regard for noncompliance
what are Higher levels of intrinsic motivation are related to?
Playing for an autonomous (democratic) vs. a controlling coach
Participating in a recreational vs. competitive league
High vs. low perceived competence
High vs. low perceived control
Autonomy-supportive vs. controlling coaching
What are the Strategies for Increasing Intrinsic Motivation ?
Provide for successful experiences.
Give rewards contingent on performance.
Use verbal and nonverbal praise.
Vary content and sequence of practice drills.
Involve participants in decisions.
Set realistic performance goals.
