february week one Flashcards
4 ways the party became increasingly bureaucratic under lenin
nomenklatura/chistka
politburo, more power than soviets who had to be a party member to be a soviet
ban on factions
arrested 5000 mensheviks
what term shows the initial decrees were pragmatic
democratic centralism
ideological phrase of eradicating enemies of socialism/bolshevism
dictatorship of the proletariat
marx alternative to Lenin’s democratic centralism
power in the ‘hands of people’
3 points of the cult of lenin
eulogies & god like propaganda
Stalin embalmed his body
his brain cut up & given to diff scientific institutions across Russia to study his intelligence
2 reasons why Trotsky may be more well-known
previous PM
war time hero
statistic on okrana’s achievements under alexander iii
5000 exiled to Siberia
what events enraged liberals & radicals to turn to Russian-Marxism 3
- unhappy w church controlling education
- land captains
- famine enraged, “autocracy isn’t working”
3 acts of opposition under alexander iii (not emancipation of labour)
radical uni students made bombs in st Petersburg uni
illegal trade unions set up
Marxist discussion circles grew
5 inequalities between children and adults with examples
neglect & abuse/dark side of the family
access to resources - economically dependent on parents
space - not allowed out on own, 86% - 25% walk to school alone 1971-2010.
time - daily routine, speed they grow up
bodies - piercings, don’t pick nose, clothes
3 western notions of childhood
increased separateness (clothes, dialects, interests)
physically and psychologically immature
need more care in increasingly complex society
3 continuities of nobles under nicholas ii
retained status
lost land 1% p.a 1863-1899
1000/1400 top jobs 1897 (some did still struggle financially with economic realignment)
2 common errors in peasant changes under nicholas ii
literacy rate 21% (1897) to 40% (1914)
divide between old and young expanded w new technology
1 common error in continuities of nicholas ii
the mir remained at the heart of the village
theorist who said dv arises when male power is compromised
dobash (2001)
yearnshire 1994
dv is the least reported crime; only after 35 incidents
theorist on material explanations of DV
Wilkinson and Pickett (1996)
what did parsons theorise on secularisation
structural differentiation, institutions have taken over religion eg the state, healthcare and education
become disengaged from religion
what did Bruce theorise on secularisation
social & cultural diversity
caused by industrial revolution uprooting society & finding new more specialised religions or moving completely as none in the city
eg methodism emerged to support working class
meter of the garden of love
iambic tetrameter with inversion on priests line
method in garden of love showing innocence
Polysyndetons
what biblical allusion does the garden of love make
edenic link
2 criticisms both the ruined maid and gatsby make of society (comparisons)
capitalism - daisy & emilia both unhappy
treatment of women in relationships - entrapment
two points on form in at an inn
mix of iambic trimeter and dimeter, not aligned, many barriers
half rhymes ‘care’ ‘were’ public only knows half the story
context and hardy criticises society assuming they were in love in at an inn, what does he also underlyingly criticise
ao3: affair w florence henniker - likely criticising society for not approving of loving a married women
other non-suez crisis related issues with eden 2
anxious making decisions
no knowledge on economic or domestic policies
3 eg’s of conservative social reforms in domestic policies
clean air act 1956
people like butler made more liberal considerations
wolfenden report, decriminalising homosexuality
homicide act 1957 (capital punishment)
bevan’s role before 1951 and action
heath minister 1945-51
gained support resigning over prescription charges
gaitskell’s role before 1951 and action
chancellor 1950-51
he introduced prescription charges
what did resenters of bevans nuclear deterrent swtich do x2
voted away from labour
joined CND
key reason why conservatives lost election (not economy, night of long knives, ill-health, edwardian)
profumo affair - profumo and kristine keeler having an affair, she was also sleeping with a soviet spy
he lied in parliament about this then forced to resign in disgrace
3 reasons for collectivisation
control the peasantry who had most power over the economy
utilise modern machinery on large land
industrialise; sell grain
political consequences of the five-year plan 4
- shock-workers and specialist baiting
- no longer attempting to control private industry
- stakhanovism (2nd 5yp) & shakhty trial 1928
- labour decrees 1938-40 (6 day week; absenteeism 75% of pay 6months)
what ended in the second five year plan
food rationing
what didn’t make expected progress in 2nd and 3rd five year plan
oil
by the third plan in oil crisis
what did the housing act 1980 state
council house inhabitants could buy their house at 33-50% discount
how many were at the battle of orgreave
5000 miners
8000 police
what were the worries environmentally in 1980s 2
chernobyl 1986 and bhopal 1984
CFC’s found causing holes in ozone layer
consequence of miners strikes and closures 2
200,000 -> 60,000 coal miners 1979-90
1/3 drop in trade union membership
why did Britain successfully manage to enter the EEC in 1973? (not Heath related)
de Gaulle no longer pm
now Pompidou who believed the eec needed Britain
2 internal negatives of joining the eec in 1973
conservatives not all keen, Enoch Powell refused to stand in 1974, told supporters to vote labour
some thought britain was surrendering its sovereignty
why was the referendum on eec called
why was it a relief for wilson when done
Labour Party divided on the issue
the dispute would be over & Britain’s was really ‘in’
2 reasons the Yes campaign won 68%
brought leaders together e.g. Thorpe, Jenkins, Heath
many businessmen supported
eg of disputes with Heath & kissinger
Heath refused to led the usa use Britain’s for missile bases in the Yom Kippur war
name the Bulgarian defect
markov
what signified relations with china would improve
Nixon announced 1971 a ‘thawing of relations’
what happened to industry in wc & nep
wc - nationalised
nep - controlled commanding heights
2 negs I forget of NEP
ural Siberian method in 1928
poor wages and housing remained
what did they Call the labour discipline in war communism
militarisation of labour
drew 1995
individualistic regimes - sweden, uk women can work
familialistic regimes greece, traditional gender roles
policies since 2008/2010 coalition
austerity
cut in public services, women have to do more
rely on market not state attitude
fletcher 1966 - policy
ind rev has brought healthcare education has improved eg can now use 111 or nhs online
2 theorists on family policy
drew 1995
fletcher 1966
family policies introduced under the conservative government 1979-97 (3)
- section 28: banned the promotion of homosexuality in schools
- 1988 divorce act: made divorce easier
- gave illegitimate children the same rights as those born to married parents
family policies introduced under new labour government 1997-2010 (4)
- civil partnership 2004
- overturned section 28
- longer maternity leave
- the right to seek time off work for family reasons
family policies introduced under the coalition & conservatives 2010- 3
2022 - no fault divorce
2014 - gay marriage
2013 - universal credit (less generous benefits)
criticism of the feminist view on social policy
not all policies maintain patriarchy
eg. sex discrimination act 1975, equal pay act 1970, marital rape offence 1991 etc.
birth rate stats
28.7 - 1900
12.2 - 2014
4 bp for declining birth rate
improved female position
child centeredness
economic liability
declining infant mortality rate
4 bp consequences of declining fertility
changes to family eg more equal
policies shift to older gens
‘vanishing kids’ (fewer voices speaking up for kids interests)
dependency ratio - less dependant, but will have less wc
bp for reasons for increased death rate 6
improved nutrition
improved healthcare knowledge
less infectious diseases
smoking and diet
public health measures (milk, sewage, clean air act)
other social changes (miners, small families, less infection)
stat on class differences and life expectancy
life exp is 7 years lower in wc areas
eg armley is 11 yrs lower than bramhope
3 bp of effects of the ageing population
dependency ratio
one-person pensioner households
public policies
hunt 2005
and how has society reduced ageism
in pms can choose our own lifestyle/identity regardless of age
eg kids dress like adults
later marriages
early marriages
old become a market for a range of body maintenance; gym memberships, anti-ageing products - breaks down ageist stereotypes and allows identities to be rewritten
policies needed for the ageing population 3
ways to finance for longer periods of time
need to encourage to trade down house sizes
cultural changes: old age is a social fact, definition needs updating
statistic on migration recently
2000-2013 33% increase in uk
4 points causing the feminisation of migration
increase in service jobs
western women in prof jobs, opens up to migrants
men still unwilling to do domestic labour
inadequate state childcare
a key negative for peasants from emancipation (common error)
still under the mir’s control
statistic on uni’s under alexander ii
4,000 - 16,000 attended 1865-1899
negatives 2 of edu reform
fees in secondary school so many peasants didn’t attend
many uni groups criticised autocracy
“the lights grew brighter…
the lights grew brighter, voices pitched higher
i wasn’t actually in …
i wasn’t actually in love but i felt a sort of tender curiosity
analyse “a fresh, green breast of the new world”
- uses the image of a nurturing breast in relation to the discovery by Europeans of the American continent.
- An earlier image of a breast depicts young Gatsby sucking on the path of the world as he built his mansion here and began a new life
- But when Myrtle Wilson is run down and killed, her left breast is described, with no symbolic association at all, as a mangled feature of her lifeless body.
“one of my most vivid memories” & other related quotes …
the real snow…we’d draw deep breaths…the thrilling returning trains of my youth
- cocoonism
what does tom and daisy’s home show 2
reinforces class permanence
and european aristocracy
push further on the rose & green light symbol in tgg
Roses typically symbolise love, so its grotesqueness = his love was an illusion.
Gatsby’s green light is artificial, just like the Dream itself.
economic consequence of the sterling crisis 1966
value of pound dropped 14%
when and why did frank cousins resign
1966
to protest against a law freezing incomes and prices
what is one of the acts signifying the beginning of the troubles
civil rights march 1968 catholics protested against police brutality
attacked by loyalists led by ian paisley
another fact on houses 1951-64 not 300,000 etc
more home-owning but still dominated by council houses
stat on tv ownership 1957-59
grew 32%
3 more things on rising living standards/impact of affluence and consumerism
1958 motorways eg preston bypass & m1
bbc light programmes on war horrors
food rationing ended
stats on which social groups voted for who 1950s
65% wc - labour
80% mc - conservatives
5 points hindering establishment
angry young men literary rebels
suez crisis
rise of cnd
scandals eg profumo
‘satire boom’ of tv shows and shows eg look back in anger
by john osborne
4 laws and 1 policy impacting women in 50s
family allowance ensured women didn’t have to work
equal pay for teachers 1952
civil servant 1954
life peerage act 1958
birth control 1961
stats on amount of immigrants and emigrants 1950s
1.25 mil coming to uk
1.92 leaving uk
when were notting hill riots
1958
oswald mosleys relationship to notting hill riots
used in 1959 to try stand for union movement candidate and repatriate afro-carribeans there
specific eg of moral attitudes and tensions relaxing
along with bbc light prog,
victim 1961 first time ‘homosexual’ said on tv
stat on amount of youths 50s
1959, 10% of population were teenagers
literature terminology used to explain the movement of ‘remember’ in the poem
describe the form in the second half & it’s impact
begins imperative, even ‘only remember’
after the Volta
it is epistemic with fronted adverbials showing distance created
sestet isn’t nostalgic, now uncomfortable showing forgetting
what period was Rossetti writing in
romanticism -> realism movement
structural feature of la belle dame sans (not poetic form or meter)
internal rhymes of ‘paley’ & ‘ail thee’ cries for help & suffering
what is desdemona’s hamartia
she is too trusting of men
ideology following desdemona’s religious depiction
madonna-whore dichotomy
angelic or fallen women, no inbetween
alternative feminist view of desdemonas responsibility for her death
Radical feminists would argue Desdemona’s passivity is conditioned by society, while liberal feminists might see her as naïve but not entirely powerless.
when did kinnock succeed against militant tendency
1986
consequence of hillsborough agreement
what did the agreement actually say
gave irish government an advisory role in northern ireland
fierce loyalist and unionist backlash
rally in belfast 200,000 wuth paisley (loyalist) addressing the crowds calling the IRA terrorists
key action land and liberty did and when
Killed head of third section 1878
how was opposition encouraged by aii reforms
radical & liberals said it failed to meet expectations
emancipation was a ‘betrayal of the peasantry’ causing 1000+ revolts
