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D&D, BL Unit III > Feb 28 - Antifungals and Mycology > Flashcards

Feb 28 - Antifungals and Mycology Flashcards

1
Q

How do Amantidine and Rimantidine fxn?

A

They block uncoating by M2 protein, a membrane protein, through a viral proton channel

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2
Q

How do Zanamivir and Oseltamivir fxn?

A

They inhibit neuramidase

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3
Q

What do Amantidine and Rimantidine treat?

A

Influenza, Type A

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4
Q

What do Zanamivir and Oseltamivir treat?

A

Influenza, Type A and B

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5
Q

What drug(s) would you give to a pregnant woman with the flu?

A

Zanamivir or Oseltamivir

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6
Q

How is Rimantidine eliminated?

A

Hepatic

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7
Q

How is Amantidine eliminated?

A

Renally

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8
Q

Generally, what would you use to treat HSV I, II, VZV, or CMV?

A

Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, Gancyclovir, or Docosanol

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9
Q

How do Acyclovir, Valacyclovir, and Gancyclovir fxn?

A

They inhibit a virus-specific polymerase

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10
Q

Which has good oral absorption, Acyclovir or Valacyclovir?

A

Valacyclovir

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11
Q

What is necessary for (Val)Acyclovir to be converted to its active form?

A

A viral thymidine kinase (which also grants these drugs their selectivity)

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12
Q

How does Docosanol fxn?

A

It disallows viral envelope coating - it is a long-chain saturated alcohol

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13
Q

Abreva = (generic?)

A

Docosanol

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14
Q

What is the biggest concern for a Pt with CMV?

A

Retinitis

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15
Q

What do you give a Pt with active CMV?

A

Gancyclovir or Valgancyclovir

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16
Q

What are the adverse effects of (Val)gancyclovir?

A

Nephrotoxicity, myelosuppression, hypocalcemia

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17
Q

What drug could treat both HepC and RSV?

A

Ribiviron

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18
Q

How does yeast classically present on histological slide?

A

Arranged in cell-to-cell chains with hypochromic cytoplasm

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19
Q

Are fungi unicellular or multicellular? Sexual or asexual?

A

Yes. Yes to all the above

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20
Q

What is fungal cell wall made of? Why do we care?

A

Chitin (very rigid), and provides a drug target with excellent selectivity

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21
Q

What do fungi use instead of cholesterol? Why do we care?

A

Ergosterol - provides a drug target with excellent selectivity

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22
Q

What are pseudohyphe?

A

Elongated, linked yeast forms that kind of look like worms of slides

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23
Q

Tell me a little about yeast species

A

Unicellular balls, with fission/budding reproduction that are creamy/pasty in appearance - vary in size

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24
Q

What are true hyphe?

A

Tubular, filament-like fungal structures with BRANCHING - not unicellular, but can be septate or aseptate.

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25
Q

What are your dimorphic fungal species of note?

A 
"Some Can Have Both Phases"
Sporothrix
Colcidioides
Histoplasmosis
Blastomyces
Paracoccydiosis
26
Q

Define Pleomorphic:

A

The culture plate has several different growth types at the same time

27
Q

Define aerial hyphe

A

Hyphe that grow up and down

28
Q

Define vegetative hyphe

A

Hyphe that spread laterally on the surface of the medium

29
Q

Define rhizoids

A

Root-like structures on the bottom of the hyphe

30
Q

Define septate

A

cells in a hyphe-like chain that are divided by cell walls

31
Q

Define spore

A

The asexual form of reproduction - resistant to temp, pH, H2O change

32
Q

What is a conidiospore?

A

A pine-cone looking spore

33
Q

What is a microconidiae?

A

A spore that looks like a sparsely-branched tree

34
Q

What is a sporangiophore?

A

A structure that contains developing spores, looks like a tiny bag of fish-eyes

35
Q

What is a chlamydospore?

A

Hardy, resistant balls interspersed on hyphe that are made when the fungus is under environmental stress

36
Q

What is an arthrospore?

A

An asexual spore that develops on the hyphe - looks like lumpy string

37
Q

What is a spherule?

A

A large asexual spore, typically seen outside the body

38
Q

What is a blastoconidia?

A

A small bud on a single-celled yeast

39
Q

What is a thallus?

A

A cultured colony (can be wooly, smooth, cottony)

40
Q

When preparing a sample, what do you add to remove the human tissue but leave the fungal?

A

KOH

41
Q

What is the difference between Sabouraud’s agar, Mycocol agar, and Dermatophyte test medium?

A

Sabouraud’s agar = non selective
Mycocol agar = some antiB
Dermatophyte test medium = antiB + pH gradient

42
Q

How does Amphoterecin fxn?

A

“Polyenes punch holes!” FungiCIDAL drug that inhibits erosterol synthesis

43
Q

How does Imidazole/Fluconazole/Triazoles fxn?

A

They inhibit 1,4-dimethylase - inhibits general ergosterol synthesis. Fungistatic, will go into the CSF

44
Q

How do Allylamines/Benzylamine fxn?

A

They block squalene epoxidase, which blocks 1,4-dimethylase, which inhibits general ergosterol synthesis. FungiCIDAL

45
Q

How do Echinocandins fxn?

A

They inhibit 1,3-glucan synthase (good for Candidae/Aspergillis infection)

46
Q

How does Griseofulvan fxn?

A

Inhibits the MT/spindle complex - good for ringworm of the scalp (take with ice cream yum)

47
Q

How does Flucytosine fxn?

A

Blocks the addition of more bp’s in DNA synthesis

48
Q

How does Ciclopirox olamine fxn?

A

It chelates metals needed for fungal development

49
Q

What is a common side effect from improper use of an asthma inhaler? What organism causes this?

A

Oral thrush - Candidae

50
Q

What are our two opportunistic fungi?

A

Candidae and Aspergillis

51
Q

Are deep fungal infections better or worse than superficial ones?

A

Deep fungal infections are super nasty

52
Q

How do Amphotericin B and Nystatin work? Route of admin?

A

They are polyene ergosterol inhibitors.
Amphotericin B = IV
Nystatin = topical

53
Q

What is an adverse rxn to Amphotericin B or Nystatin?

A

Red Man Syndrome: chills, fever, shaking, hypotension, anemia due to kidney EPO depression, BM depression

54
Q

What would you use Terbinafine for?

A

Keratin (finger/toenail) fungal infections

55
Q

What is the difference between worms and parasites?

A

Worms develop in humans, but do not replicate. Parasites can replicate in humans

56
Q

Some ways parasites evade host immune responses?

A

Encapsulation, Immunosuppression Intraluminal location

57
Q

Three stages of Schistomiasis?

A

1) Swimmer’s Itch
2) Febrile response/HSM 3 wks later
3) Cirrhosis, Bladder cancer, chronic inflammation

58
Q

How to treat schistomiasis?

A

Praziquantel

59
Q

How do shistosomes spread around?

A

Their eggs are excreted in the urine (s. haematobium) and feces

60
Q

What cell does malaria infect first/most readily?

A

Hepatocytes

61
Q

What is the lethal species of plasmodium?

A

P. falciferum:
RBC lysis leading to rapid acute anemia
Makes “nobs” that cling to vasculature - brain death via hypoxia

D&D, BL Unit III (10 decks)

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