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FDN2 by Minnie > FDN2_SM_WK3_Ultrasound > Flashcards

FDN2_SM_WK3_Ultrasound Flashcards

Ultrasound

1
Q

What kinds of imaging modalities use ionizing radiation?

A

Radiography (x-ray)

CT Scan

Mamography

Angiography

Nuclear Imaging

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2
Q

What is ionizing radiation?

A

An electromagnetic wave that has the energy necessary to remove an electron from an atom

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3
Q

What does ALARA stand for?

What does it mean?

A

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

We should strive for minimal radiation dosage

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4
Q

What is Radiography?

A

Electrons are emitted from a target and interact with an anode

  • Sent toward the person/object. The electrons will do one of three things:
    1. Pass through the tissue to the detector
    2. Get deflected or scattered
    3. Get absorbed

The combination of these things creates the image

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5
Q

What are 5 “pros” of Radiography?

A
  1. Widely available
  2. Good screening tool
  3. Fast
  4. Detail in bone
  5. Low cost
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6
Q

What are 3 “cons” of radiography?

A
  1. Uses ionizing radiation
  2. Two-dimensional image
  3. Less detail than, MRI, Ultrasound (especially for soft tissue)
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7
Q

What is a CT scan?

A

Basically a 3-D X-Ray

The source and detector rotate around the patient, and the image is reconstructed by a computer

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8
Q

What are 4 “pros” of a CT scan?

A
  1. Better tissue resolution than X-Ray
  2. Fast
  3. Widely available
  4. Can reconstruct the image in infinite planes
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9
Q

What are 2 “cons” of a CT scan?

A
  1. Much more ionizing radiation than X-ray (~1 year of background radiation)
  2. Contrast dye can cause renal failure
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10
Q

What is ultrasound?

A

A transducer emits high-frequency sound waves into the body

The echoing waves are used to generate an image. Different tissues send waves back at different frequency and wavelengths

Same concept as sonar!

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11
Q

Which structures will appear hyperechoic in an ultrasound?

A

Bone, Fat

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12
Q

Which structures will appear anechoic in an ultrasound?

A

Fluid, air

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13
Q

Which tissues will appear hypoechoic in an ultrasound?

A

Soft tissue

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14
Q

What are 5 “pros” of ultrasound?

A
  1. Noninvasive
  2. No ionizing radiation
  3. Can evaluate blood flow
  4. Can be used to guide procedure
  5. Portable
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15
Q

What are 2 “cons” of ultrasound

A
  1. Dependent on the skill of the operator
  2. Cannot penetrate air or bone
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16
Q

Which imaging modality would be least useful for looking at the lungs?

A. X-Ray

B. CT Scan

C. Ultrasound

D. MRI

A

C. Ultrasound - It cannot penetrate air

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17
Q

Which ultrasound probe would you use for looking at abdominal structures?

A

Curvilinear

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18
Q

What are the relevant characteristics of a cuvilinear probe?

A

Low to mid frequency

Can see deeper images with an adequate field of view (The goldilocks probe)

Lower resolution

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19
Q

What is a curvilinar prove used for?

A

Looking at intra-abdominal structures

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20
Q

Which ultrasound probe would you use to guide superficial procedures?

A

Linear

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21
Q

What are some characteristics of a linear ultrasound probe?

A

High frequency

High resolution

Produces a superficial image with a wide depth of field

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22
Q

Which ultrasound probe would you use to look at blood vessels in a patient’s leg?

A

Linear

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23
Q

Which ultrasound probe has a narrow field of view and a large depth of field?

A

Phased-array probe

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24
Q

What is acoustic shadowing?

A

The area behind bones or stones appears anechoic because the waves are reflected by the bone

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25
Q

What is an edge artifact?

A

Smooth, round surfaces deflect sound beams instead of reflecting them

This causes a round, anechoic area that may be mistaken for fluid

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26
Q

Where is it common to see an edge artifact?

A

Cyst, bowel, galbladder

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27
Q

What is posterior acoustic enhancement?

A

Increased echos behind structures that allow sound waves to pass through easily (ex: structures filled with fluid)

28
Q

What is a mirror image artifact?

A

A mirror image is created when a highly reflective surface reflects the initial beam, but encounters another structure on the way back.

The mirror image is of this other structure

29
Q

What will increasing the depth of an ultrasound do?

A

Increase the distance that the sound waves travel in the body

30
Q

What will increasing the gain of an ultrasound do?

A

Increase the amplification of the returning signal

31
Q

What is MRI?

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

  • The magnetic field aligns the protons in hydrogen atoms
  • The radiofrequency current creates a varying magnetic field, causing the protons to flip their spins
  • When the magnetic field is turned off, the protons go back to normal and create an image
32
Q

What are 3 “pros” of MRI?

A
  1. No ionizing radiation
  2. Lots of detail in soft tissues and blood vessels
  3. infinite planes for image reconstruction
33
Q

What are 5 “cons” of MRI?

A
  1. Expensive
  2. Claustrophobic patients need sedation
  3. Not available to patients with pacemakers
  4. It takes a long time
  5. A moving patient can ruin the scan
34
Q

What is nuclear imaging?

A

Physiologic, rather than anatomic imaging

Uses radioactive tracers to diagnose and treat conditions

(To see how things are working, as opposed to what they look like)

35
Q

What is a PET scan?

A

Positive Emission Tomography: A type of nuclear imaging

Use 18-Fluro-Deoxy-Glucose. It is taken up by metabolically active cells like brain, heart, cancer

36
Q

What are the 5 X-Ray densities from blackest to whitest?

A
  1. Air = least dense = blackest
  2. Fat
  3. Soft tissue/water
  4. Bone
  5. Metal or contrast
37
Q

What density is the heart on a frontal chest radiograph?

A

Soft tissue/water

This will appear grayish

38
Q

Which number lables the aorta?

A

1

39
Q

Which number labels the superior vena cava?

A

2

40
Q

Which number labels the pulmonary trunk?

A

3

41
Q

Which number labels the heart?

A

4

42
Q

Which number lavels the left atrium?

A

5

43
Q

Which number labels the right atrium?

A

6

44
Q

Which number labels the left ventricle?

A

7

45
Q

2 labels the…

A

Superior Vena Cava

46
Q

1 labels the…

A

Aorta

47
Q

3 labels the…

A

Pulmonary trunk

48
Q

4 labels the…

A

Heart

49
Q

Which plane is shown in blue?

A

Coronal

50
Q

Which plane is shown in red?

A

Saggital

51
Q

Which plane is shown in green?

A

Axial aka transverse

52
Q

Which structures are in red?

A

Carotid Arteries

53
Q

Why do the structures circled in red appear black?

What is the term for this on an ultrasound?

A

They appear black because they are blood vessels filled with fluid

Structures that are black on an ultrasound are anechoic

54
Q

Which structure is circled in blue?

A

The trachea

55
Q

Which structure is outlined in yellow?

A

The thyroid

56
Q

Which structure is labled by #1

A

Right Pulmonary Artery

57
Q

Which structure is labled by #2

A

Pulmonary Trunk

58
Q

Which structure is labled by #3

A

Left Pulmonary Artery

59
Q

Which structure is labled by #4

A

Ascending Aorta

60
Q

Which number lables the right pulmonary artery?

A

1

61
Q

Which number lables the pumonary trunk?

A

2

62
Q

Which number lables the left pulmonary artery?

A

3

63
Q

Which number lables the ascending aorta?

A

4

64
Q

In which plane is this image taken?

A

Axial aka Transverse

65
Q
A

FDN2 by Minnie (14 decks)

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