Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

FDN2 by Minnie > FDN2_SM_WK3_Nervous > Flashcards

FDN2_SM_WK3_Nervous Flashcards

1
Q

Where are the cell bodies of all neurons in the CNS?

A

Grey Matter

Grey matter surrounds the cerebral cortex and makes up the inner core of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does grey matter contain?

A

Cell bodies of CNS neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where can grey matter be found?

A

The cerebral cortex of the brain

The inner core of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which number(s) point(s) to the grey matter in the spinal cord?

A

2, 3, 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which number(s) point(s) to the white matter in the spinal cord?

A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does white matter contain?

A

Myelinated axons (cell processes) in the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are the cell bodies of somatomotor neurons found?

A

Ventral horn of the spinal cord (in the grey matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Any cell body located outside of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons?

A

Dorsal Root Ganglia

Exception: Visceral scensory nerons in the vagus nerve have cell bodies in the brain (innervate the thorax and abdomen)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do sympathetic nerves exit the spinal cord?

A

Lateral horn from T1-L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What cell bodies are found in the ventral horn?

A

Cell bodies of somatomotor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What cell bodies are found in the dorsal horn?

A

Interneuron cell bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What cell bodies are found in the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Sensory cell bodies (general and visceral)

*Except visceral neuron cell bodies in the vagus nerve*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Which sensory cell bodies are NOT found in the dorsal root ganglia?

A

Cell bodies of visceral sensory neurons in the vagus nerve

  • These signals will be coming from the abdomen and thorax
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the difference between the ventral and dorsal horns?

A

Besides location, the ventral horn contains mostly cell bodies of efferent neruons, while the dorsal horn contains mostly cell bodies of interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the difference between the ventral root and the ventral ramus?

A

The ventral root contains motor (efferent) neurons on their way out of the ventral horn to the rest of the body

The ventral ramus is a branch of a mixed spinal nerve that contains sympathetic, sensory, and somatomotor neurons that innervate the front and sides of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the difference between the dorsal root and the dorsal ramus?

A

The dorsal root contains sensory (afferent) neurons on their way into the spinal cord to synapse with an interneuron in the dorsal horn

The dorsal ramus is a branch of a mixed spinal nerve that contains sympathetic, sensory, and somatomotor neurons that innervate the back of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What makes up the Central Nervous System CNS?

A

The brain and spinal cord

(All cells with cell bodies in the brain and spinal cord)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What makes up the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves, autonomic nerves in the gut

Any neuron with a cell body outside of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What cell bodies are found in the sympathetic trunk?

A

Cell bodies of post-synaptic sympathetic neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What cell bodies are found in the lateral horn?

A

Cell bodies of presynaptic sympathetic neurons, found in lateral horns from T1-L2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Where would you find the cell body of a postsynaptic sympathetic neuron?

A

In the sympathetic trunk OR the collateral ganglion

Sympathetic trunk for anything except the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves (Cardiopulmonary splanchnic neurons have cell bodies in the sympathetic trunk)

Collateral ganglion for neurons in the thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Which division of the nervous system is considered “voluntary”?

A

Somatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What kind of nerves make up the somatic nervous system?

A

Spinal nerves and cranial nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Which division of the nervous system is “involuntary”?

A

Autonomic

(autonomic = automatic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What makes up the autonomic nervous system?

A

Symathetic and parasympathetic nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Which division of the nervous system controlls our “fight or flight” reflex?

A

Sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When activated, the sympathetic nervous system causes…

A

Activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes increases in: blood pressure*, heart rate, cardiac output, airway dilation, pupil dilation

(*blood vessel constriction in skin, kidneys, digestive tract = more blood for the muscles you use to run away)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

When activated, the parasympathetic nervous system causes…

A

Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system causes Decreased blood pressure, heart rate

Constriction of airways, pupils, GI smooth muscle (peristalsis)

Increased glandular secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Which components of the nervous system are derived from the neural crest?

A

All cell bodies outside of the CNS

  • Dorsal Root Ganglia
  • Sympathetic Trunk
  • Collateral Ganglia
  • Adrenal Medulla cells
  • Parasympathetic Ganglia
  • Melanocytes of skin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What does the somatopleure give rise to?

A

The body wall and all of the spinal nerves within it

Therefore, the somatopleurae gives rise to the somatic nervous system and some post-synaptic sympathetic neurons that innervate the arteries of the body wall

(remember that spinal nerves contain post-synaptic, sympathetic neurons)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What does the splanchnopleure

A

The autonomic nervous system

  • Nerves that innervate visceral organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the components of a spinal nerve?

A

Sympathetic post-synaptic neurons

Somatomotor neurons

Sensory Neurons (general and most visceral)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What components does the cutaneous branch of a spinal nerve have?

A

Sympathetic post-synaptic neurons

General sensory neurons

(no somatomotor neurons because we can’t move our skin, except in our face)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the path of a nerve impulse that causes your toe to wiggle

A

Somatic Nervous System

Cell body of the motor neuron is the ventral horn (gray matter)

  • > Signal travels down 1 neuron to toe
  • > Motor neuron releases ACh at motor endplate
  • > ACh binds to its receptor to cause muscle contraction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Describe the path of a sympathetic nerve impulse to your back

A

Start: Presynaptic neuron with cell body in lateral horn of CNS

  • > Leave lateral horn
  • > Join ventral root
  • > Join spinal nerve proper

-> Branch off with ventral, dorsal, or cutaneous rami
(depending on target)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Describe the path of a “my feet are cold” signal

A

Sensory neuron in the foot w/cell body in dorsal root ganglion

  • > Senses cold
  • > Signal travels up axon, past cell body, into the dorsal horn
  • > Synapse with interneuron in dorsal horn
  • > interneuron carries the signal to the brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

The section of skin that is innervated by 1 pair of spinal nerves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

How many dorsal roots must be damaged in order to lose sensation in one dermatome?

A

3; the relevant dermatome, and the one above and below

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Describe the consequence of losing innervation in one dermatome

A

Reduced sensation (not total loss)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What are the meninges?

A

The three membranes that enclose the spinal cord and brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the three meninges?

A

Dura mater: tough outer layer

Arachnoid: thin, spiderweb-like layer

Pia mater: Clings tightly to the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Where is the epidural space?

A

Superficial to the dura mater

44
Q

Where is the CSF located with relation to the meninges?

A

In the subarachnoid space; between the arachnoid and the pia mater

45
Q

What are the cauda equina?

A

Dorsal and ventral roots that extend down below the spinal cord

The spinal cord ends at L1, but the roots travel down and exit through lower vertebrae (like a “horse’s tail”)

46
Q

Why is a lumbar puncture done below L1?

A

The spinal cord ends at L1

Piercing the dura mater below L1 has a much lower risk of damaging the CNS

47
Q

What is a lumbar puncture?

A

A needle pierces the dura mater and arachnoid and is inserted into the arachnoid space. CSF is sampled or drugs are delivered.

Drug delivery is very fast but short-acting

48
Q

What is the lowest point at which you can do a lumbar puncture? Why?

A

Anything above S1 (not inclusive of S1)

The subarachnoid space ends at S1; If there is no space, you can’t put a needle there

49
Q

What is an epidural block?

A

A needle is insurted into the epidural space, superficial to the dura mater.

This is usually used for drug delivery; you can’t sample the CSF from here

Drugs delivered to the epidural space are slower acting but longer lasting

50
Q

Your attending physician tells you to administer drugs to a patient through the central nervous system. You can’t remember whether they said to do a lumbar puncture or an epidural block, but you know for sure that it’s a sacral nerve block.

Which method do you use? Why?

A

You would use an epidural block

You can’t do a lumbar puncture in the sacrum because the subarachnoid space ends at S1.

51
Q

Which type of nerve block would you use for a multi-hour hip surgery?

A

Epidural - it lasts longer than a lumbar block

52
Q

Which division of the nervous system contains only efferent neurons?

A

Autonomic

53
Q

If a neuron has its cell body in the central nervous system, which embryonic structure did it come from?

A

The neural tube

54
Q

The neural tube gives rise to which cell bodies?

A

Cell bodies in the CNS

55
Q

What structures are part of the “deep body wall”?

A

Bone, muscle, deep (investing) fascia, parietal pleura, peritoneum

56
Q

A spinal nerve innervating the deep body wall will contain…

A

Sympathetic post-synaptic neurons

General sensory neurons

Somatomotor neurons

57
Q

A spinal nerve innervating the superficial body wall will contain…

A

Sympathetic post-synaptic neurons

General sensory neurons

(no motor neurons!)

58
Q

What structures are part of the “superficial body wall”?

A

Skin, superficial (Camper’s) fascia, Scarpa’s fascia

59
Q

Where would you find a nerve that has short pre-synaptic and long post-synaptic neurons?

A

The Sympathetic Nervous System

60
Q

Which division of the nervous system is most likely to innervate structures within body cavities?

A

The autonomic nervous system

61
Q

In which part of the nervous system would you find the neurotransmitter ACh?

A

(almost) Everywhere!

Somatic:

All synapses (neuromuscular jcts)

Autonomic:

All Presynaptic -> postsynaptic

Parasympathetic postsynaptic -> target

62
Q

In which part of the nervous system would you find the neurotransmitter norepinephrine?

A

Autonomic, sympathetic nervous system

postsynaptic -> target

63
Q

From where does every spinal nerve receive postsynaptic sympathetic neurons?

A

The sympathetic trunk

64
Q

What are the only two possible destinations for a presynaptic sympathetic neuron leaving the lateral horn?

A
  • The sympathetic trunk
  • The collateral ganglion
65
Q

Describe the path of a cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerve

A

Presynaptic sympathetic neuron w/cell body in lateral horn

  • > Leaves lateral horn
  • > Joins ventral root
  • > Joins spinal nerve proper
  • > Synapses with postsynaptic in the sympathetic trunk
  • > postsynaptic travels to cardiopulmonary area
66
Q

Describe the path of thoracic and lumbar splanchnic nerves

A

Presynaptic sympathetic neuron w/cell body in lateral horn

  • > Leaves lateral horn
  • > Joins ventral root
  • > Joins spinal nerve proper
  • > Bypasses sympathetic trunk
  • > Travels to collateral ganglion, synapses with post-synatpic neuron
  • > postsynaptic travels to target tissue
67
Q

Which splanchnic nerves are sympathetic vs parasympathetic?

A

Sympathetic: cardiopulmonary, thoracic, lumbar

Parasympathetic: pelvic

68
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system has thoracolumbar outflow?

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

Sympathetic neurons only exit the CNS from T1-L2

Sympathetic presynaptic neurons can travel up or down from here to join spinal nerves at every vertebral level

69
Q

Which division of the autonomic nervous system has craniosacral outflow?

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Parasympathetic presynaptic neurons only exit the CNS with cranial nerves and sacral spinal nerve roots

70
Q

Which nerves are associated with cranial outflow?

What do they innervate?

A

Vagus nerve, cranial nerves 3, 7, 9

Destined for thoracic viscera, abdominal viscera or fore-mid gut (through ascending and transverse colon)

71
Q

What is referred pain?

A

Pain that originates from a visceral nerve, but is sensed by the brain as pain in a dermatome in the body wall at the same level as the visceral organ

72
Q

Which nerves are associated with sacral outflow?

What do they innervate?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves

Destined for viscera of pelvis and hindgut (descending colon)

73
Q

What kind of neurons would you find in the ventral root of L3?

A

Somatomotor

(sympathetic only exit T1-L2, parasympathetic are craniosacral)

74
Q

What is a plexus?

A

A conglomoration fo sympathetic, parasympathetic, visceral scensory neurons.

Nerves emanating from a plexus together usually coordinate their functions?

75
Q

What allows for specificity of action of sympathetic neurons?

i.e, Why do some smooth muscles contract while some relax in the “fight or flight” response?

A

Receptor type: Alpha or beta

Smooth muscles with alpha receptors constrict in response to norepinephrine (Arteries of GI tract)

Smooth muscles with beta receptors dilate in response to norepinephrine (increased airway to lungs, increased blood to the heart -> increased cardiac output*)

76
Q

What happens to the smooth muscles in the arteries of skeletal muscle when the sympathetic nervous system is activated?

A

The beta-receptors on the smooth muscle cells of arteries cause the arteries to dilate in response to epinephrine

This allows for increased blood flow to skeletal muscles so you can run away!

77
Q

What is the ration of presynaptic : postsynaptic neurons in the sympathetic nervous system?

Why is this significant?

A

Low: one presynaptic neuron can synapse with many post-synaptic neurons, leading to a rapid amplification of the original signal

This is useful because if we have to run away from a bear, we watn to do it quickly!

78
Q

What is the ratio of presynaptic : postsynaptic neurons in the parasympathetic nervous system?

Why is this significant?

A

Around 1: this allows for the slower, more localized “rest and digest” response

79
Q

Where do we find the cell bodies of postsynaptic parasympathetic neurons?

A

In the tissues they innervate

80
Q

Give an example of a multipolar neuron

A

Somatomotor

Autonomic (especially sympathetic)

Interneurons

81
Q

What elements would we find in the dorsal root?

A

Afferent (sensory) neurons - general and visceral

82
Q

Where is the cell body of this neuron?

A

Dorsal root ganglion

This means that it must be a sensory neuron

83
Q

What elements would we find in the ventral root at T6?

A

Sympathetic presynpatic neurons

Somatomotor neurons

84
Q

Where are the cell bodies of neurons in the vagus nerve?

A

The brain

85
Q

What neuron components would we find in the nerves in Scarpa’s fascia?

A

Post-synaptic sympathetic neurons

General sensory neurons

86
Q

What neruon components would we find in the vagus nerve?

A

Presynaptic parasympathetic

Visceral sensory (for general sensations that do not require localization)

87
Q

What kind of neuron is pictured in red?

Where did it originate?

A

Sensory Neuron

Somewhere on the back of the body

88
Q

What kind of neuron is pictured in red?

Where did it originate?

A

Sensory Neuron

Somewhere on the ventral or lateral sides of the body

89
Q

The neuron in red is part of what kind of nerve?

A

Sympathetic nerve

90
Q

What is structure #1

A

The sympathetic trunk, aka sympathetic chain

91
Q

What is structure #2

A

Dorsal Root

92
Q

What is structure #3

A

Ventral Root

93
Q

What is structure #4

A

Dorsal Root Ganglion

94
Q

What is structure #5

A

Spinal Nerve Proper

95
Q

What is structure #6

A

Ventral horn

96
Q

What is structure #7

A

Lateral horn

97
Q

What is structure #8

A

Dorsal horn

98
Q

Which cells have cell bodies in #4

A

Sensory neurons (general and visceral)

99
Q

Which cells have cell bodies in #8

A

Interneurons

100
Q

Which cells have cell bodies in #7

A

Sympathetic Presynaptic Neurons

101
Q

Which cells have cell bodies in #6

A

Somatomotor neurons

102
Q

Give examples of neurons that synapse in the collateral ganglion

A

Any sympathetic neuron destined for a thoracic or lumbar visceral cavity

Examples: Stomach, digestive tract

103
Q

Where is the cell body of a sympathetic neuron in the heart?

A

Sympathetic trunk

This is a post-synaptic neuron

Any sympathetic post-synaptic neuron destined for something in the cardiopulmonary cavity has its cell body in the sympathetic trunk

104
Q

Where is the cell body of a presynaptic parasympathetic neuron destined for the descending colon?

A

Sacral spinal cord

105
Q

Where is the cell body of a parasympathetic presynaptic neuron destined for the small intestine?

A

The brain

The small intestine is innervated by the vagus nerve, whose cell body is in the brain

FDN2 by Minnie (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions