FDN2_SM_WK3_Ultrasound

Question 1

What kinds of imaging modalities use ionizing radiation?

Answer 1

Radiography (x-ray)

CT Scan

Mamography

Angiography

Nuclear Imaging

Question 2

What is ionizing radiation?

Answer 2

An electromagnetic wave that has the energy necessary to remove an electron from an atom

Question 3

What does ALARA stand for?

What does it mean?

Answer 3

As Low As Reasonably Achievable

We should strive for minimal radiation dosage

Question 4

What is Radiography?

Answer 4

Electrons are emitted from a target and interact with an anode

• Sent toward the person/object. The electrons will do one of three things:
  1. Pass through the tissue to the detector
  2. Get deflected or scattered
  3. Get absorbed

The combination of these things creates the image

Question 5

What are 5 “pros” of Radiography?

Answer 5

1. Widely available
2. Good screening tool
3. Fast
4. Detail in bone
5. Low cost

Question 6

What are 3 “cons” of radiography?

Answer 6

1. Uses ionizing radiation
2. Two-dimensional image
3. Less detail than, MRI, Ultrasound (especially for soft tissue)

Question 7

What is a CT scan?

Answer 7

Basically a 3-D X-Ray

The source and detector rotate around the patient, and the image is reconstructed by a computer

Question 8

What are 4 “pros” of a CT scan?

Answer 8

1. Better tissue resolution than X-Ray
2. Fast
3. Widely available
4. Can reconstruct the image in infinite planes

Question 9

What are 2 “cons” of a CT scan?

Answer 9

1. Much more ionizing radiation than X-ray (~1 year of background radiation)
2. Contrast dye can cause renal failure

Question 10

What is ultrasound?

Answer 10

A transducer emits high-frequency sound waves into the body

The echoing waves are used to generate an image. Different tissues send waves back at different frequency and wavelengths

Same concept as sonar!

Question 11

Which structures will appear hyperechoic in an ultrasound?

Answer 11

Bone, Fat

Question 12

Which structures will appear anechoic in an ultrasound?

Answer 12

Fluid, air

Question 13

Which tissues will appear hypoechoic in an ultrasound?

Answer 13

Soft tissue

Question 14

What are 5 “pros” of ultrasound?

Answer 14

1. Noninvasive
2. No ionizing radiation
3. Can evaluate blood flow
4. Can be used to guide procedure
5. Portable

Question 15

What are 2 “cons” of ultrasound

Answer 15

1. Dependent on the skill of the operator
2. Cannot penetrate air or bone

Question 16

Which imaging modality would be least useful for looking at the lungs?

A. X-Ray

B. CT Scan

C. Ultrasound

D. MRI

Answer 16

C. Ultrasound - It cannot penetrate air

Question 17

Which ultrasound probe would you use for looking at abdominal structures?

Answer 17

Curvilinear

Question 18

What are the relevant characteristics of a cuvilinear probe?

Answer 18

Low to mid frequency

Can see deeper images with an adequate field of view (The goldilocks probe)

Lower resolution

Question 19

What is a curvilinar prove used for?

Answer 19

Looking at intra-abdominal structures

Question 20

Which ultrasound probe would you use to guide superficial procedures?

Answer 20

Linear

Question 21

What are some characteristics of a linear ultrasound probe?

Answer 21

High frequency

High resolution

Produces a superficial image with a wide depth of field

Question 22

Which ultrasound probe would you use to look at blood vessels in a patient’s leg?

Answer 22

Linear

Question 23

Which ultrasound probe has a narrow field of view and a large depth of field?

Answer 23

Phased-array probe

Question 24

What is acoustic shadowing?

Answer 24

The area behind bones or stones appears anechoic because the waves are reflected by the bone

Question 25

What is an edge artifact?

Answer 25

Smooth, round surfaces deflect sound beams instead of reflecting them This causes a round, anechoic area that may be mistaken for fluid

Question 26

Where is it common to see an edge artifact?

Answer 26

Cyst, bowel, galbladder

Question 27

What is posterior acoustic enhancement?

Answer 27

Increased echos behind structures that allow sound waves to pass through easily (ex: structures filled with fluid)

Question 28

What is a mirror image artifact?

Answer 28

A mirror image is created when a highly reflective surface reflects the initial beam, but encounters another structure on the way back. The mirror image is of this other structure

Question 29

What will increasing the depth of an ultrasound do?

Answer 29

Increase the distance that the sound waves travel in the body

Question 30

What will increasing the gain of an ultrasound do?

Answer 30

Increase the amplification of the returning signal

Question 31

What is MRI?

Answer 31

Magnetic Resonance Imaging - The magnetic field aligns the protons in hydrogen atoms - The radiofrequency current creates a varying magnetic field, causing the protons to flip their spins - When the magnetic field is turned off, the protons go back to normal and create an image

Question 32

What are 3 "pros" of MRI?

Answer 32

1. No ionizing radiation 2. Lots of detail in soft tissues and blood vessels 3. infinite planes for image reconstruction

Question 33

What are 5 "cons" of MRI?

Answer 33

1. Expensive 2. Claustrophobic patients need sedation 3. Not available to patients with pacemakers 4. It takes a long time 5. A moving patient can ruin the scan

Question 34

What is nuclear imaging?

Answer 34

Physiologic, rather than anatomic imaging Uses radioactive tracers to diagnose and treat conditions (To see how things are working, as opposed to what they look like)

Question 35

What is a PET scan?

Answer 35

Positive Emission Tomography: A type of nuclear imaging Use 18-Fluro-Deoxy-Glucose. It is taken up by metabolically active cells like brain, heart, cancer

Question 36

What are the 5 X-Ray densities from blackest to whitest?

Answer 36

1. Air = least dense = blackest 2. Fat 3. Soft tissue/water 4. Bone 5. Metal or contrast

Question 37

What density is the heart on a frontal chest radiograph?

Answer 37

Soft tissue/water This will appear grayish

Question 38

Which number lables the aorta?

Answer 38

1

Question 39

Which number labels the superior vena cava?

Answer 39

2

Question 40

Which number labels the pulmonary trunk?

Answer 40

3

Question 41

Which number labels the heart?

Answer 41

4

Question 42

Which number lavels the left atrium?

Answer 42

5

Question 43

Which number labels the right atrium?

Answer 43

6

Question 44

Which number labels the left ventricle?

Answer 44

7

Question 45

#2 labels the...

Answer 45

Superior Vena Cava

Question 46

#1 labels the...

Answer 46

Aorta

Question 47

#3 labels the...

Answer 47

Pulmonary trunk

Question 48

#4 labels the...

Answer 48

Heart

Question 49

Which plane is shown in blue?

Answer 49

Coronal

Question 50

Which plane is shown in red?

Answer 50

Saggital

Question 51

Which plane is shown in green?

Answer 51

Axial aka transverse

Question 52

Which structures are in red?

Answer 52

Carotid Arteries

Question 53

Why do the structures circled in red appear black? What is the term for this on an ultrasound?

Answer 53

They appear black because they are blood vessels filled with fluid Structures that are black on an ultrasound are **anechoic**

Question 54

Which structure is circled in blue?

Answer 54

The trachea

Question 55

Which structure is outlined in yellow?

Answer 55

The thyroid

Question 56

Which structure is labled by #1

Answer 56

Right Pulmonary Artery

Question 57

Which structure is labled by #2

Answer 57

Pulmonary Trunk

Question 58

Which structure is labled by #3

Answer 58

Left Pulmonary Artery

Question 59

Which structure is labled by #4

Answer 59

Ascending Aorta

Question 60

Which number lables the right pulmonary artery?

Answer 60

1

Question 61

Which number lables the pumonary trunk?

Answer 61

2

Question 62

Which number lables the left pulmonary artery?

Answer 62

3

Question 63

Which number lables the ascending aorta?

Answer 63

4

Question 64

In which plane is this image taken?

Answer 64

Axial aka Transverse