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Locomotor > Farm Animal Lameness Pigs and Sheep > Flashcards

Farm Animal Lameness Pigs and Sheep Flashcards

1
Q

Aetiology of arthritis in piglets?

A
  • rarer outdoors
    > individual infections: sporadic opportunist infection (E. COli, Staph and strep) through wounds (tail, teeth, skin, navel)
    > group outbreaks: Strep suis type 14 via tonsils
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2
Q

Presentation of arthritis in piglets

A

2d - weanling

  • cant stand, dog sitting
  • enlarged joints
  • death (starved/laid on)
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3
Q

Dx of arthritis in piglets

A
  • bacteriology

- discharge from wounds or PM samples

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4
Q

Tx arthritis in piglets

A
  • lincomycin
  • penicillin
  • ampicillin
  • ketoprofen
  • euthanasia if no response
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5
Q

Lameness causes in growers

A
  • injury (fx)
  • osteochondrosis dessicans
  • pantothenic acid deficiency (rare)
  • ionophore toxicity (rare)
    > infectious
  • mycoplasma hyosynoviae
  • mycoplasma hyopneumonia or hyorhinis polyarthritis (and pneumonia)
  • erisypelas (zoonotic: note skin lesions)
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6
Q

Dx cause of lameness in growers

A
  • hx
  • PE
  • PM
  • paired serology
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7
Q

Tx for infectious lameness in growers

A
  • tiamulin
  • lincomycin
  • tylosin
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8
Q

What proportion of sows are culled d/t lameness?

A

30%

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9
Q

Main causes of lameness in sows?

A 
> physical lamenss
- cartilaginous pathology (osteochondrosis, osteochondritis, dyschondroplasia, degenerative joint disease (DJD)) 
- bony pathology -> weakness and fracture (osteomalacia) 
> infectious 
- erysipelas
- mycoplasma spp.
> septic laminits
-"bush foot" d/t bacterial infection 
- tx: lincomycin and NSAIDs
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10
Q

How can lameness causes be identified in adult sows?

A

> inspect foot
- NAD on PE?
- visable abnormalities, pig off food / febrile, swellings?
sudden or chronic onset?

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11
Q

Causes of sudden onset lameness in sows with NAD on PE. Most likely? *

A
  • acute leg weakness OCD*
  • back muscle necorisis
  • broken back
  • calcium phosphorus deficiency
  • Fx*
  • laminitis
  • muscle tear
  • muscular dystrophy
  • trauma *
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12
Q

Causes of chronic onset lameness in sows with NAD on PE. Most likely? *

A
  • abscesses
  • erisypela*
  • myscoplasma arthritis*
  • leg weakness OCD*
  • rickets
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13
Q

Causes of sudden onset lameness in sows with abnormalities on PE (swelling/fever/off food). Most likely? *

A
  • back muscle necrosis
  • erisypelis *
  • fx
  • haematoma
  • PSS
  • streptococcal infecton *
  • vascular dz
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14
Q

Causes of chronic onset lameness in sows with abnormalities on PE (swelling/fever/off food). Most likely? *

A
  • bursitis
  • bush foot*
  • erysipelas*
  • Glassers disease*
  • Mycoplasma arthritis*
  • Vascular disease
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15
Q

6 lesions causing sheep lameness

A 
> scald (70%)
= interdigital dermatitis
- red, wet interdigital space, +- white grey scum, loss of hair
> foot rot (30%)
- separation of horn from live tissue, starts between claws, foul smell, grey oozing puss
> CODD (25%)
= contagious ovine digital dermatitis
- loss of hair above coronary band, separation of hoof and coronet, blood + grey scum, not smelly, hoof can detach completely 
> shelly hoof (10%)
= white line degeneration
- some separation of horn from wall 
- pocket impacted with soil 
- half moon appearance
> foot abscess (10%)
- sheep v lame
- swelling of skin/pus above coroncary band
- separation of white line/penetration with stone/thorn may be vis 
> toe granuloma (10%)
- strawberry like growth @ toe 
- sometimes hidden by overgrown horn 
- bleeds when handled
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16
Q

What % of the UK flock is affected by lameness?

A

10%

17
Q

What pathogen causes scald? Foot rot?

A
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum (in feaces, ubitquitous)

- usually also Dichelobacter nodosus (required for ‘foot rot’)

18
Q

What pathogen causes CODD?

A

Treponemes

19
Q

Pathogenesis of shelly hoof and toe abscess?

A

Poorly understoof

20
Q

Cause of toe granuloma?

A

Farmers and vets!!

21
Q

Footrot control?

A
  • manage and tx footrot and scald as one disease
  • most important: early Tx with parenteral Abx + topical spray
  • NO foot trimming
  • separate affected sheep out
22
Q

Is routine foot trimming usually necessary?

A
  • probably not many farm
  • should NOT be part of footrot control
  • can -> permenenant damage to shape of foot
  • unless affected ability to walk, even seemingly ‘overgrown’ feet do not need trimming
23
Q

What is the risk of scald progressing to foot rot dependant on?

A
  • D. nodosus present on farm?
  • virulence and dose of D. nodosus
  • susceptibility of sheep
  • Prompt tx before separation of the hoof horn?
24
Q

Is Dichelobacter nodosus commonly present on farm?

A

Yes >90% UK sheep farms

25
Q

What conditions does Dichelobacter nodosus thrive in? How long can it survive on pasture?

A
  • warm moist conditions
  • 7-10d on pasture
  • 6 weeks in hoof clippings
26
Q

Main reservoir of D. nodosus?

A

Infected sheep

27
Q

Outline the approach to a group with some lame sheep

A
  • watch group walking 2x weekly
  • trim just enough for dx
  • DISPOSE of clippings
  • tx
  • record for culling/breeding selection
28
Q

Tx of footrot

A
  • oxytet spray (clean foot first)
  • long acting parenteral ABx (oxytet, amoxicillin)
  • allow sheep to stand on clean concrete
  • clean up after!!!!
  • ideally isolate sheep for 14d
29
Q

Prog footrot?

A

90% recover in 5d

- if recovered by 2 weeks return to flock, otherwise keep separate and continue treating

30
Q

Tx of scald? Ewes and lambs?

A
  • ewes = footroot

- lambs: oxytet spray, stand in clean area, respray q5d if necessary

31
Q

Tx of group outbreaks of scald?

A
  • footbath
  • turnout into clean field
  • re-tx sheep still lame after 5d
    > cull IF
  • still lame after 2 Abx tx
  • 2 episodes of lamenss
  • misshapen claws
32
Q

What footbaths are available for tx of scald in sheep?

A 
> 10% ZnSO4
> 3% formalin
* NOT CuSO4
- stand for >2mins
- stand for 1hr post dip
- turn into a field rested for >14d
33
Q

What preventative tx is available for scald?

A

> footvax

  • vax before high risk periods (autumn/spring)
  • 1* course: 2x 6 weeks apart
  • boost q6months (could use every 4-5months)
  • include ALL Sheep inc rams
  • care risk of self injection -> severe pain and swelling*
34
Q

What equivalent disease in sheep causes bovine digital dermatitis? What pathogen?

A

CODD (contagious ovine digital dermatitis)

- treponemes

35
Q

Tx treponemes CODD?

A
  • Tilmicosin (micotil, vet only)

- Footbath with lincomycin or tylosin

36
Q

5 main points for treating lameness in sheep?

A
  • check twice weekly
  • tx scald/footrot with Abx
  • avoid trimming
  • cull repeat offenders
  • Vaxx

Locomotor (29 decks)

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