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Locomotor > Farm Animal Lameness 1 > Flashcards

Farm Animal Lameness 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Most common conditions seen by vets

A 
> deep digital sepsis
> Toe necrosis
- Trypaneames (?) (infect back of heel normally) 
> Interdigital hyperplasia
- requires surgical removal 
> wall ulcer 
*salvage procedures*
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2
Q

Most common problems seen by farmers and foot trimmers

A

> sole ulcer (always same place, axial to midline on heel)
- develops ino deep digital dermatitis
white line dz (abaxial white line, commonly heel but can be toe)
- develops into a wall ulcer
digital dermatitis (trepanemes (?))
- interdigital hyperplasia
foul

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3
Q

Which foot dz has a genetic componenet?

A
  • inerdigital hyperplasia
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4
Q

How much can foot problems cost to tx?

A
  • sole ulcer deep dgital derm $524
  • white line wall ulcer $330
  • interdigitcal hypereplasia $75
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5
Q

What willl deeep digital derm lead to?

A

Bony changes and ankylosis

- will never walk norally again

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6
Q

Pertinent hx q for lameness in cattle?

A 
> lactation 
- heifer? better prog
> how long calved
- early lactation can do more extreme tx?
- late lactation dry off early and tx?
> previous or other problems
> how long has she been lame? 
- boney change
> tx so far
> pregnant? milking well? cull list? 
- decide best tx sx or pts
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7
Q

What does a score 0 lameness look like?

A
  • walks even weight bearing and rhythm on all 4 feet, flat back
  • long fluid strides
  • see video on lect
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8
Q

What does a score 1 lameness look like?

A
  • steps uneven (rhythm or weight bearing)
  • strides shortened
  • affected limbs not immediately identifiable
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9
Q

What does a score 2 lameness look like?

A
  • uneven weight bearing on limb immediately identifiable
    +- shortened stride
  • arch to the centre of the back
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10
Q

What does a score 3 lameness look like?

A
  • unabl to walk as fast as brisk human pace
  • cannot keep up with herd
    • signs of score 2
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11
Q

Where is the majority of lameness seen in dairy cattle?

A
  • 92% hindlimbs
  • 65% lateral claw
  • 12% not foot related
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12
Q

OUtline foot eamination

A
  • nb: may not be able to stand for long if sore on all feet once one picked up
  • hoof testers(subtle reacions - don’t jump like horses)
  • press heel
  • feel heat
    > bulls that dont fit in crushes - sedate? big crush?
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13
Q

What foot trimming procedure is used most commonly? NOT FINISHED

A 
Dutch 5 step (covered in prac) 
1- create a foot angle of 52*
> trim toe to correct length, start inner hind or outer fore
> 7.5-8cm from coronary band 
> 
2- create balance between claws
3- transfer weight from sole to wall, toe and heel 
4- remove weight from painful claw 
5- remove loose or sharp claw
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14
Q

WHat signs may be picked up on hoof exam

A
  • softening at heel or coronary band
  • smell
  • swelling above coronary band/in heel
  • redness skin (beware haemorrhage in horrn is approx 2months historic)
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15
Q

What must be decided if red cherry like lump protruding from uncomplicated sole ulcer seen? Tx?

A
  • granuation tissue (not innervated) > chop off

- corioin (innervated) > dont chop off

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16
Q

Tx sole ulcers. prog?

A
  • tx early
  • 5 step dutch
  • ABx
  • NSAIDs (ketofen, 3d)
  • nursing and clean yard
  • promote wound healing - nothing that cauterises [CuS commonly used by farmers not good]
  • prog: ok but will recur next lactation, v fertility and lifespan, milk should recover in ~ weeks but lower on average than herd
17
Q

What do farmers think causes sole ulcers? What actually causes it?

A
  • stone in hoof or acidosis or laminitis / failure suspensory (v controversial)
    > acidosis does not DIRECTLY cause claw horn lesions
    > environmental conditions most likely cause
    > BCS (and loss in early lactation) and claw horn growth rates may be important in sole ulcer pathogenesis
    > Biotin [ ] may improve claw horn quality and v white line lesions
    > ^ dry matter diet will v claw horn lesions (likely d/t drier dung -> bette environmental conditiions)
18
Q

Outline pathogenesis of sole ulcers NOT KNOWN BY FARMERS/VETS, REMEMEBER THIS

A
  • originate under DDFT insertion on P3
  • preceded by change in structural integrity of laminae aound calving (but not laminitis) hormonally mediated?
  • P3 moves away from claw horn capsule
  • under P3 digital cushion thickness affeced by BCS (if lost -> become thinner)
  • predisposes trauma through the sole
  • change in shape of claw
  • ^ risk of trauma and overload on thin digital cushion [viscious cycle]
  • white line dz can also predispose
  • treponemes become established in wound
19
Q

Potential herd interventions for solar ulcers

A
  • put freshly calved heifers on “comfort” straw yard for 16 weeks
  • effective!
20
Q

2 potential tx of white line disease?

A

Open up just enough to drain?
- beware treponemes tracking up wound to corion
OR open up whole wall to expose corion
- with block on other side
> drain pus
> cut away dead horn (can be done 2 weeks later)
> sharp knife!!
> apply a block
> NSAIDs to v swelling
> Abx oxytet LIC
> good prognosis UNLESS wall ulcer infected with treponemes

21
Q

What are the stages of white line disease?

A

> dz horn affecting junction between sole and wall, including

  • bruising (hameorrhage)
  • separation (fissure)
  • abscessation
  • ulceration (recorded separately d/t severe and chronic pain associated with it)
22
Q

Pathogenesis of white line disease?

A
  • poor horn quality?
  • wet conditions?
  • stones?
  • P3 descent?
  • v BCS
  • thin soles?
  • turns?
  • lack of BIOTIN
    > biotin supplementation is portective
23
Q

Effective interventions for white line dz?

A
  • biotin (also ^ milk yield)
  • feeding hay
  • dry diets
24
Q

Outline digital dermatitis scoring system

A

M1: ulcerative 2cm
M3: regressing
M4: hyperkeratotic (‘hairy wart’ most common presentation, chronic carriers)
M4: reactivating

25
Q

DD Tx? Different severitys of lesion?

A

M1: clean, dry, topical oxytet (3 consequtive days)
M2: = above but debride with paper toel/gauze and consider bandaging with ABx (make bandage loose - left on too long causes more problems than its worth!)
M4: clean, debride and debulk (Local anaesthesia) bandage with Abx

26
Q

Effeective interventions for DD?

A

> footbath (erythromycin, formalin[most common], copperr sulphate, peracetic acid)
- even best tx not efective if used alone and walking around in slurry all day
biosecurity and slurry management

27
Q

What is the significance of lameness in production animals?

A
  • pain, suffereing and distress (welfare)
  • 5 freedoms compomised
  • consumer concern
  • production disease - (^ incidence with ^ productiviy) necessitates management
  • economic
28
Q

What is foul in the foot?

A
  • acute bacterial infection of subcut tissue
  • symmetrical swelling, separation of claws and interdigital skin necrosis -> pungent odour
  • often d/t FB or sand
    > superfoul = severe peracute form, mixed bacterial infection`
29
Q

Tx foul in the foot?

A
  • clean/debride interdigitcal space
  • disinfect
  • LIC injectable ABx
30
Q

What is corkscrew claw?

A
  • bony swelling deep to abaxial coronary band is diagnostic
  • not to be confused with gross claw overgrowth
  • reshape foot as best as possible

Locomotor (29 decks)

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