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Cardiovascular > Farm animal CV disease > Flashcards

Farm animal CV disease Flashcards

1
Q

Most common cause of pericarditis - cattle?

A

Bacterial

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2
Q

Most common cause of pericarditis - horses?

A

Idiopathic

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3
Q

Define septic pericarditis

A

Bacteria but from a different original location to the heart

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4
Q

Outline the different causes of pericardial disease -5

A

SEPTIC PERICARDITIS - traumatic and embolic causes, commonest form in cattle
IDIOPATHIC (SPONTANEOUS AND NON-SEPTIC) - pericardial effusions, most common form in horses
PRIMARY BACTERIAL PERICARDITIS - most common form in pigs
NEOPLASTIC - uncommon in LAs
VIRAL - uncommon in LAs.

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5
Q

Pathogenesis - traumatic pericarditis

A

Ingestion of wires/nails –> forced through wall of reticulm into peritoneal cavity, through diaphragm into pericardial sac –> septic fluid, fibrous ‘cheesy’ exudate, adhesions (bread and butter pudding), gas within pericardial sac. May also have reticular abscesses, liver abscess, peritonitis.

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6
Q

Clinical signs - traumatic peridcarditis

A

EARLY: fever, anorexia, depression, cranial abdominal, reticular and thoracic pain (stand with elbows abducted, reluctant to move or grunt/groan when moving. Positive Williams test, Bar test and Pinch test)
LATER: right -sided (Constrictive) HF, venous congestion, peripheral oedema

CVS EXAM: tachycardia, muffled heart sounds, +/- splashing washing machine murmurs, venous distension (enlarged milk vein), raised jugular pulse, weak pulse

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7
Q

Describe the Williams test

A

Listen to the rumen, when this contracts the animal grunts due to pain (positive result)

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8
Q

Describe the Bar Test

A

Put metal bar under cow and lift up against xiphoid process - positive if there is a painful reaction to this.

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9
Q

Describe the Pinch Test

A

The whithers are pinched and an audible groan and/or sound in the trachea is heard if the animal is in pain and this is a positive result.

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10
Q

Diagnosis - Traumatic pericarditis

A

Mostly done on clinical exam (finances)
Radiography - high value animals
Ultrasound - most farm vets
Pericardiocentesis (only with ultrasound!)

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11
Q

Treatment - traumatic pericarditis

A

Must animals culled
Treatment = surgical in expensive animals: remove via a rumenotomy OR marsupialise the pericardial sac, debride and lavage via a rib thoracotomy approach.

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12
Q

Why shouldn’t you ever use >1 ruminal bolus?

A

They repel each other!

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13
Q

Outline lymphosarcoma in cattle

A

Animals positive for bovine leukaemia virus (BLV)

Lymphoma masses may develop in right atrial wall or pericardium.

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14
Q

Causes of pericarditis in pigs? 2

Effects?

A 
Haemophilus parasuis (Glasser's disease) - commonest
Strep. suis

EFFECTS: fever, depression, fibrinos poly-serositis (in joints), effusions (CNS, pleura, peritoneum and synovia)

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15
Q

Pathogenesis - pericardial effusions in horses

A

Majority are idiopathic
Minority are pericarditis (EVA, EIV, Strep. pneumoniae, E.coli, Actinobacillus equili, tend to develop fibrinous effusion)
Penicillin is the drug of choice initially.

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16
Q

Clinical signs - pericardial effusions - horses - 5

A
  • Venous distension
  • Ventral oedema
  • Muffled heart sounds
  • Pericardial friction rubs (squeaky, easy to miss)
  • Pleural effusion (dyspnoea, dullness on percussion, smaller lung field on auscultation)
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17
Q

Diagnosis - pericardial effusions - horses - 3

A

ECHO: fluid +/- fibrin in pericardial sac, compression of cardiac chambers
ECG: small complexes, main differential is obesity
CYTOLOGY OF PERICARDIAL FLUID

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18
Q

Treatment - pericardial effusions - horses

A

Repeated pericardial drainage and lavage +/- ABs esp if RA is collapsing (i.e. cardiac tamponade)

19
Q

Prognosis- pericardial effusions - horses

A

Good - if Tx is early and aggressive

Constrictive disease may occur in chronic cases - poor

20
Q

Outline 2 features of bacterial endocarditis

A

Usually secondary to bacteraemia (ruminants/FAs common. Horses - less common) and can involve any of the valve.s.

21
Q

Site of infection of bacterial endocarditis - cattle versus horses

A

RUMINANTS/OTHER FAs = liver abscess, traumatic reticulitis, metritis, mastitis, navel abscess, joint ill
HORSES: site of sepsis often not identified, septic jugular thrombophlebitis

22
Q

Diagnosis - bacterial endocarditis

A

CS: CHF with murmur, fever, cardiac murmur, tachycardia, tachypnoea
LAB: hyperfibrinogenaemia, anaemia and leucocytosis
BLOOD: repeat 3*, sterile procedure

23
Q

Why is prognosis of bacterial endocarditis poor?

A

(even after bacteriologic cure) due to permanent structural damage to valve, in horses, some right-sided lesions may have return of performance.
ALSO, SEPTIC EMBOLI - lungs (from right hear), kidneys/joints (from left heart).

24
Q

Name 2 cardiopulmonary diseases

A

Cor pulmonale

EIPH

25
Q

What is cor pulmonale secondary to?

What does it lead to? 3

A

Secondary to pulmonary hypertension and leads to hypertrophy, dilation and ultimately failure of the RV

26
Q

Causes of cor pulmonale - 3

A

Chronic pulmonary disease
Pulmonary vascular disease
High altitude (causes vasoconstriction, aka ‘brisket disease’ or ‘high altitude disease’)

27
Q

Clinical signs - cor pulmonale

A

Clinical signs of right-sided HF:

  • SC oedema
  • Jugular venous distension and pulsations
  • Dyspnoea and tachypnoea
  • Tachycardia and cardiac murmur
28
Q

Why is the prognosis of cor pulmonale usually hopeless?

A

Due to underlying chronic, irreparable lung pathology - if high altitude disease move to lower pastures

29
Q

Define EIPH

A

Exercise-induced pulmonary haemorrhage

30
Q

Pathogenesis - EIPH

A

Pulmonary haemorrhage during strenuous exercise. Volume varies (local pulmonary, traces of tracheal blood, copious tracheal blood, epistaxis)
Horses, dogs and humans
Haemorrhage is from pulmonary rather than bronchial vessels
Horses - haemorrhage typically originates in the caudodorsal lung lobes.

31
Q

What is the main problem in EIPH leading to pathology?

A

Capillary stress failure

32
Q

What is capillary stress failure in EIPH?

A

Mechanical pressures (breathing, CV and locomotor) generated in pulmonary capillaries during exercise exceed their stress failure point.

Pulmonary capillaries are an inevitable anatomical weak point because they are thin-walled.

Haemorrhage causes local inflammation which further increases regional resistance and pressures.

33
Q

T/F: even with thin-walled capillaries, normal TBs become hypoxic and hypercapnic during exercise

A

True

34
Q

By how much do CO and pulmonary vascular pressures increase during exercise?

A

5-10 fold.

35
Q

What is the pressure failure point of equine pulmonary capillaries?

A

75-100mmHg (these are similar to the pressures generated during exercise)

36
Q

Why does EIPH originate in the caudodorsal lung lobes of horses?

A

HIGH BF - lower intrinsic vascular resistance
DIAPRAGMATIC DISPLACEMENT - causes transient falls in alveolar pressure. Lower alveolar pressure leads to greater transmural pressure: failure.
Mechanical forces transmitted to lung are greatest in caudodorsal lobes.

37
Q

Predisposing conditions - EIPH - 3

A

YOUNG TBs - this is a physiological response to exercise
AGE - prevalence increases with age
CONDITIONS WHICH INCREASE PULMONARY VASCULAR RESISTANCE: lower resp. tract disease (RAO), upper resp. tract obstruction (RLN), cardiac disease (AF, MVD).

38
Q

Clinical significance - EIPH

What is your job as the vet in cases of EIPH?

A

VARYING OPINIONS:
60-705 horses are endoscopically positive post-racing
S JOB: rule out underlying respiratory or cardiac disease.

39
Q

Clinical signs - EIPH

A

Depends on volume of haemorrhage and whether underlying disease is present:
often no CS OR poor performance, sudden onset exercise limitation, swallowing after exercise, epistaxis, other signs of URT, LRT or cardiac disease.

40
Q

Diagnosis - EIPH

A

CLINICAL EVIDENCE
ENDOSCOPY
BALV - RBCs and haemosiderophages
RADIOGRAPHY - localised regions of interstitial opacity in caudodorsal lung fields but this is non-specific.

41
Q

What are haemosiderophages?

A

WBCs that ‘eat’ blood pigments

42
Q

Case management - EIPH - 2

A
  • ID and treat predisposing URT, LRT or cardiac disease
  • BREAK the haemorrhage - inflammation cycle (modify training to reduce episodes, dust-free environment, furosemide to reduce pulmonary capillary pressure).
43
Q

Medication - EIPH

A
  • **FEI guidelines - horses cannot be competed in the UK when on drugs ***
  • Furosemide - Diuretic and vasodilator
  • Vasodilators (NO, arginine, ACEI)
44
Q

Prognosis - EIPH

A

GOOD TO FAIR: if spontaneous and having minimal impact on performance OR if associated with respiratory infection OR other predisposing cause that can be identified and treated.
POOR: for idiopathic bleeders with performance limitations.

Cardiovascular (22 decks)

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