CAL: common cardiac diseases

Question 1

What is this?

Answer 1

Mitral valve leaflet

Question 2

Which aortic arch becomes the root of the aorta in development?

Answer 2

the Left 4th aortic arch (the right 4th disappears)

Question 3

What happens if the 4th right aortic arch persists?

Answer 3

the connection of the right fourth aortic arch and the pulmonary artery (ligamentum arteriosum) encloses both the trachea and the oesophagus to give the condition known as a Persistent Right Aortic Arch (PRAA)

Question 4

Clinical signs - PRAA

Answer 4

At weaning, the ligamentum arteriosum prevents the passage of solid foood from oesophagus to stomach –> regurgitation and aspiration pneumonia

Question 5

What is another name for degenerative (myxomatous) MVD?

Answer 5

endocardiosis

Question 6

What is endocardiosis?

Answer 6

swelling with distortion of the mitral valve leaflets with rounded appearance of LV and evidence of ‘jet lesions’

Question 7

PE - endocardiosis

Answer 7

loud systolic murmur over the left apex.

Question 8

What is a ‘flail’ mitral valve leaflet?

Answer 8

where a ruptured chorda tendineae allows the tip of the mitral leaflet to flail back into the left atrium.

Question 9

Is aortic/subaortic stenosis a congenital or acquired defect?

Answer 9

Congenital

Question 10

What is aortic stenosis?

Answer 10

A thick fibrous band is present just ventral to the aortic valve leaflets.

Question 11

Clinical signs - aortic stenosis

Answer 11

Mild - normal to owner.

Severe - syncope and sudden death possible.

Question 12

PE - aortic stenosis

Answer 12

loud systolic mumur over left heart base

Question 13

What can occur secondary to large vegetations on the mitral valve?

Answer 13

Abscesses or infarction in otehr organs. Septic arthritis. Due to septic emboli breaking off.

Question 14

What cardiac conditions are associated with a thrombus in the aortic trifurcation?

Answer 14

cardiomyopathies with LA enlargement

Question 15

What is the most likely Dx for LV hypertrophy?

Answer 15

HCM

Question 16

What does SAM stand for?

Answer 16

systolic anterior motion - can describe abnormal movement of the mitral valve leaflet towards the interventricular septum which obstructs the left ventricular outflow tract.

Question 17

How can PDA be diagnosied?

Answer 17

an angiographic catheter is positioned in the ascending aorta and radiographic contrast agent is injected opacifying the aorta and ductus arteriosus

Question 18

What can be used to occlude the pulmonary artery end of a PDA?

Answer 18

an Amplatz occluder.

Question 19

How thick should the RV free wall be?

Answer 19

0.3 times the thickness of the LV free wall

Question 20

What are the 2 main causes of RV hypertrophy?

Answer 20

Pulmonic stenosis and pulmonary hypertension

Question 21

Clinical signs - VSD - 2

Answer 21

cyanosis

breathlessness with exertion

Question 22

What might accompany an HSA mass in the heart?

Answer 22

Pericardial effusion - the tumour may bleed into the pericardium causing pericardial effusion and cardiac tamponade. Arrhythmias may also occur.

Question 23

What would the FS% be in DCM?

Answer 23

reduced to less than 20%

Question 24

What is the most likely diagnosis for generalised cardiac enlargement with more pronounced LA enlargement and pulmonary infiltrates?

Answer 24

DCM

Question 25

What syndrome do adult dirofilaria in the RA cause?

Answer 25

Caval syndrome