Approach - Diagnosis and physical exam Flashcards
What are large breed middle age dogs prone to?
myocardial disease
What are small breed old dogs more likely to have?
Primary valvular disease
What are larger horses more likely to develop?
AF
What defect are ponies more likely to have?
septal defects
In dogs, are PDAs more common in males/females?
Females
What signalment if DCM most common in?
Males in some breeds, occurs at an earlier age in males. (THEORIES: oestrogen protective, testosterone destructive?)
Which breed is over-represented in MVD?
CKCS
What size of dog is prone to valvular defects versus DCM?
DOGS:
20kg = DCM (Great Danes, Irish Wolfhounds and Dobermans)
What are common historical complaints of heart disease?
Dyspnoea Cough Exercise intolerance/poor performance Lethargy Ascites Peripheral edema (often dependent, more likely in horses and cattle) Syncope Collapse Weight loss
BUT REMEMBER THAT ALL OF THESE ARE RELATIVELY NON-SPECIFIC
Define WNRFE
Will not run fast enough (!) - horses!
What is air hunger?
When you concentrate on nothing other than breathing.
What should you observe on a CVS exam?
Demeanor Respiratory rate and effort MM BCS Venous congestion Ascites
What do cyanotic MM imply?
Indicuates the presence of adequate Hb but inadequate oxygenation. Arises in one of 2 ways:
- ) Problem with oxygenation (pleural effusion of pulmonary oedema)
- ) Right to left shunt (deoxygenated blood ejected into systemic circulation)
How do you spot venous congestion?
If there are jugular pulses or jugular venous distension. Veins on the ventral abdomen can be obvious.
Define dyspnoea
Increased respiratory effort
Define tachypnoea
Increased respiratory rate
What is the most reliable oral site for taking CRT?
gum/tooth junction
What are the major problems with the major blood vessels in horses?
Thrombosis and thrombophlebitis
What should you palpate on CVS exam?
PRECORDIUM - apex beat, location, intensity, rate and rhythm, presence of thrill
ABDOMEN - ascites, concurrent disease.
What does a palpable thrill on the precordium indicate?
Grade 5 or greater heart murmur
Define pulse deficit
When the pulse rate is lower than the audible HR, usually indicative of arrhythmia
What might ascites indicate? 2
Hepatomegaly
Splenomegaly
Where might you take the pulse in the horse?
Coccygeal - cattle Ext. maxillary/facial Transverse facial Median Digital
Normal adult horse HR
28-42 bpm
Normal yearling horse HR
up to 80bpm
Normal neontal foal HR
up to 100bpm
Normal adult cattle HR
55-80 bpm
Normal calve HR
up to 100bpm