Approach to cardiac disease - small animals Flashcards
T/F: most dogs have sinus arrhythmia when relaxed
true
What is aerophagia?
a state when an animal is severely dyspnoiec and become so desperate for air that they swallow air and get a gasey stomach.
What does percutal (glyceryl trinitrate ointment) do?
it is a nitrate vasodilator
What does an increased LA:Ao ratio suggest?
LA enlargement
What signs often accompany bacterial endocarditis?
systemically unwell, lameness common
What is the FS% in DCM generally?
well below 25%
Define cardiac cachexia
muscle loss due to late stage of long standing HF
What does progressive intensification of HF drug therapy tend to lead to?
renal failure since drugs reduce renal perfusion which causes their efficacy to be compromised.
What are characteristics of an innocent murmur?4
- usually audible over the outflow vessels (HB)
- grade 2-3/6
- left heart base systolic murmur
- diminishes in intensity with age (typically disappear by 6 months old)
What are characteristics of non-innocent murmurs? 5
- > grade 3/6
- audible in diastle
- audible at a location other than the left heart base
- other CS
- persist or become louder with age.
Which congenital condition has a continuous murmur?
PDA
What are the 3 typical final common pathways of congenital heart disease?
- volume load (one or more chambers)
- pressure load (one or more chambers)
- cause left to right shunting (typically also pressure load the RV)
2 diagnostic tests to definitively diagnose a PDA
- doppler echo
- selective angiography
When is the ‘3 knuckle’ appearance seen on a radiograph?
on some dogs with PDA
What is the ‘3 knuckle’ appearance?
Seen on a DV radiograph in some dogs with a PDA. It signifies an enlarged Ao, PA and LA.
