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Z Sociology Tallu > Family - Demography - 2.5 > Flashcards

Family - Demography - 2.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Demography

A

Study of the population’s characteristics.

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2
Q

Four Factors affecting Population Growth

A

> Births & immigration increase the population

> Deaths & emigration decreases the population

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3
Q

Natural Change

A

Number of Births minus the number of deaths

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4
Q

Net Migration

A

Number of people immigrating into a country minus the number emigrating from it.

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5
Q

Trends in UK population change

A

> Increased since 1900, due to natural change being greater than net migration

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6
Q

Two Measures of Birth Rates

A

> Birth Rate (BR)

> Total Fertility Rate (TFR)

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7
Q

Birth Rate

A

Number of live births per 1000 of the population per year.

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8
Q

Trends in birth rates

A

Decreased since 1900, despite baby booms after both world wars & 1960’s

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9
Q

Total Fertility Rate

A

> Average number of children a women has in her fertile years (15-44).

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10
Q

Trends in Total Fertility Rate & Reasons

A

Decreasing which affects family size

> Increasing numbers of women remaining childless or having children later

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11
Q

Infant Mortality Rate

A

Number of infants dying before age 1 per 1000 babies born per year.

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12
Q

Birth Rates (Key Studies)

A

> Harper (Improved Living Standards)

> Giddens (Contraception)

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13
Q

Reasons for decreased birth rates

A

> Improved Living Standards (ILS)
Contraception (Giddens)
Changes in Position of children and women
Geographical Mobility

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14
Q

Harper (Reasons for Improved Living Standards

& Falling Birth Rate)

A

> Richer countries, economic growth & improved living standards mean people have less children.

> People have better housing, diet, education & medical care- this costs more but leads to better health.

> Lower infant mortality rate so people don’t need to have - ‘replacement babies’ for those who died in infancy

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15
Q

A03 Increased Living Standards and Births (Key Study)

A

> Functionalism Structural Differentiation

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16
Q

Functionalist (Structural Differentiation) - Criticisms of Increased living standards

A

> State institutions have taken over the functions of the extended family, so people don’t have children to look after them in their old age. This has led to a decline in the birth rate.

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17
Q

Contraception (Giddens) - Reasons for decrease in the birth rate

A

> Plastic sexuality’ - this means sex has become detached from reproduction.

> Due to contraceptive pill people can now plan their families, IVF allows people to have children later in life

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18
Q

General Criticisms of Giddens & Reasons for a declining birth rate

A

> IVF expensive, not everyone can wait to have children

> Baby Boom in 60s came after the contraceptive pill which undermines its role in controlling the birth rate

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19
Q

Changes in Position of Women and Children- Reasons for the decrease in the birth rate

A

> Increasing numbers of women are focused on career first or not interested in having children at all

> Children were economic assets, but compulsory schooling and increased dependency meant having children has become expensive

> Child centeredness e.g. move from ‘quantity’ to ‘quality’

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20
Q

Geographical Mobility - Reasons for a decrease in the birth rate

A

> Modern labour force needs to be very mobile, incentives for smaller families e.g. easier to pack up & move elsewhere.

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21
Q

Implications of Changes in the Fertility Rate

A

> Family
Dependency Ratio
Lonely
Public Services & Policies

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22
Q

Family - Changes in Fertility

A

> Smaller families can now go and work creating dual earner families

> But wealthy couples can still have larger families as they can afford childcare

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23
Q

Dependency Ratio - Changes in Fertility

A

> Fewer children reduces the burden on the working age population

> But fewer people are entering the workforce and increasing numbers of people are retiring meaning increased tax on the working population to support the retired majority

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24
Q

Lonely - Implications of Changes in Fertility

A

> Childhood is lonelier for only children and childless adults may mean fewer voices are speak up in support of children’s interests.

> But children are more valued

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25
Public Services & Policies - Implications of Changes in Fertility
> Fewer schools & health services are needed >Reduced spending on maternity leave > Instead of fewer schools, the government may opt for smaller classes sizes
26
Trends in the number of deaths
Fallen
27
Death Rate (DR)
Number of deaths per 1000 of the population per year
28
Deaths Key Sociologists
> McKeown (Improved Nutrition) > Tranter (Fall in number of deaths from Infectious Diseases > Harper (Obesity) > Walker (Life expectancy in Poor vs Rich Areas)
29
Improved Living Standards - Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Improved Nutrition & Increased Income > Better Quality Housing & Smaller Family Sizes
30
McKeown (Improved Nutrition) & Income - Improved Living Standards Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Better diet, so fewer deaths from tuberculosis, increased resistance to infectious disease & survival chances > More household income so more money for medicines, food etc - but also greater taxation for public health services (NHS)
31
Better Quality Housing & Small Family Sizes - Improved Living Standards leading to Fall in Deaths
> Heating during winter means fewer colds & less damp resulting in lower levels of illness > Safer Housing means fewer deaths from accidents > Improved contraception means less children and therefore reduced disease transmission
32
General Criticisms of Improved Living Standards
> Women get a reduced share of the food supply but live longer than men > More food doesn't always mean better nutrition e.g. obesity > Middle class still have higher life expectancy compared to working class due to poverty
33
Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Fall in number of deaths from infectious diseases & medical advances > Obesity
34
Tranter (Fall in numbers of deaths from infectious diseases) - Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Vaccines so decreased deaths from e.g. measles & lower death rate in children > Deaths of affluence are greater than infectious diseases, but reduced with the creation of the NHS, blood transfusions etc
35
Obesity - Medical Factors leading to Fall in Deaths
> Obesity now biggest issue greater than smoking, but deaths have decreased due to drug therapies. > Harper states we are moving towards an 'American' health culture with unhealthy lifestyles, but a long lifespan is achieved with costly medication.
36
General Criticisms of Medical Improvements (Tranter)
> Vaccinations not entirely effective e.g. COVID > Middle class people have private health care, working class people don't
37
Social Factors & Policies leading to Fall in Deaths
> Public Health Measures & Other Social Changes
38
Public Health Measures & Other Social Changes - Social Factors & Policies leading to Fall in Deaths
> More effective governments with the power to pass laws e.g. clean drinking water, food hygiene, health & safety > COVID measures
39
Other Social Changes - leading to Fall in Deaths
> Decrease in dangerous manual jobs e.g. mining. | > Increased public knowledge of the causes of illness
40
General Criticisms of Social Factors and Policies
> COVID Measures are not effective e.g. increased mental health problems
41
Life Expectancy Trends
> How long on average person born in a given year can expect to live. >Life expectancy has increased in women more than men, but the gap has decreased due to employment/lifestyle changes > As the death rate decreases, life expectancy increases (Soon we will reach radical longevity more people living to 100)
42
Walker (Life Expectancy in Poor/Rich Areas & Jobs)
> People in poor areas die earlier than people in the richest areas. > People in manual work die earlier than people in professional jobs
43
Trends in the average age of the population
We have an ageing population
44
3 Factors leading to Ageing Population
> Increased life expectancy: Live longer > Decline in the Infant Mortality rate: Hardly anyone dies in infancy. > Decreased fertility :fewer babies born
45
Effects of an Ageing Population
> Public Services > One-Person Pensioner Households > Dependency Ratio
46
Public Services - Effects of an Ageing Population
> OAP’s over 75 take up a greater proportion of healthcare services so there is increased spending on health care > Need for a change change in policies e.g. housing & transport to support the over 75s
47
Person Pensioner Households - Effects of an Ageing Population
> Increased numbers of women as women outlive men > e.g. Among the over 75s there are twice as many women than men >This has resulted in one person pensioner households
48
Dependency Ratio - Effects of an Ageing Population
> Increased numbers of retired people mean there is a greater burden on the working population > But fewer children born reduces this burden
49
Ageing Population (Key Studies)
> Philipson (Modern Society & Old Age) (Marxist Perspective) > Hunt (Postmodern Society & Old Age) > Hirsch (Policy Implications & Old Age as a social construct)
50
Philipson (Modern Society & Old Age) (Marxist Perspective)
> Status based role in production, OAP’s excluded from production therefore have a dependent status > Not productive so rejected from support by capitalist state - family have to take responsibility for care. > Made powerless by society
51
Hunt (Postmodern Society & Old Age)
> Fixed stages of life broken, late marriage & early retirement, blur boundaries between life stages > Greater choice means greater freedom to pick own lifestyle regardless of age e.g. gym memberships & cosmetic surgery > Emphasis on surface features, body surface - OAPs can write their own identities e.g. anti-ageing products > Media shows positive aspects of the lifestyles of OAP’s, undermines it as stigmatised life stage
52
Hunt AO3 (Key Study)
Pilcher (Inequality Among Old)
53
Pilcher (Inequality Among Old) - Hunt AO3 (KS)
> e.g. classes e.g. working class people decreased life expectancy & more illness compared to the middle class who have better salaries > Women have lower salaries & pensions, and are subject to sexist harassment e.g. 'old hag' > 29% suffered age discrimination more than other forms of discrimination
54
Hirsch (Policy Implications & Old Age as a Social Construct)
> New policies needed to cope with the financial requirements of increased numbers of pensioners e.g. Higher taxes & higher retirement age > Change in housing policy encouraging older people to go to smaller places freeing houses for the young > Old age is not biological fact, but a social construction
55
Migration
Movement from place to place
56
Immigration
Refers to movement into a society
57
Define Emigration
Movement out a society
58
Immigration Trends from 1900-40's & 50-70s & 80s
Increased immigration - Irish, European Jews & Canada/USA (1900-1940) > Non-white immigrants e.g. Caribbean & South Asia (1950-1970) > White EU main source of migrants, non-white only 1/4 (1980s)
59
Policies Restricting Non White Immigration in 60s & 90s
Immigration/Nationality Acts 1960s-1990s put severe restrictions on non-white immigration.
60
Emigration since 1900 - Trends
> More emigrants went USA, Canada, Australia & NZ > Due to push factors e.g. unemployment/eco recession & pull factors e.g. + wages etc
61
3 Impacts of Migration on UK Population Structure
> Population Size has increased > Age Structure: migration has lowered the average age directly e.g. migrants are working age & indirectly as they have more babies as they're younger > Death Rate: They are working age so have decreased the death rate - although older people return to their home countries to retire, > Migrants have more children who eventually join the workforce
62
How do Immigrants help lower the dependency ratio?
Immigrants are working age, helping lower the death rate with older migrants returning to country of origin to retire.
63
Globalisation
The World is increasingly interconnected across national boundaries
64
5 Main Aspects of Migration & Globalisation
``` > Acceleration > Differentiation > Super Diversity > Feminisation of Migration > Migrant Identities ```
65
Acceleration - Aspects of Migration & Globalisation
> In 2000-2013 migration increased by 33%
66
Globalisation & Migration (Key Studies)
> Vertovec (Differentiation & Super-Diversity) > Cohen (Super-Diversity & 3 Types of Migrant) > Ehrenreich, Shutes & Hochschild (Feminisation of Migration) > Eade (Bengali Muslims Hybrid Identities) > Eriksen (Impact of Globalisation & Transnational Identities) > Castles (Problem w/ Assimilation Policies & A Divided WC)
67
Vertovec (Differentiation & Super-Diversity)
> Now increased types of Migrants e.g. spouses, refugees, workers etc Super diversity as they come from different countries with different legal statuses
68
Cohen (Super-Diversity & 3 Types of Migrant)
> Citizens: Full Rights > Denizens: Privileged foreign nationals/oligarchs > Helots - literally slaves
69
Helots
Increasingly exploited disposable army of labour e.g. illegally trafficked workers.
70
Ehrenreich, Shutes & Hochschild (Feminisation of Migration)
> Half are women, so globalisation of the gendered division of labour where women get roles as carers & sexual services, mostly working class women > Due to western women being more likely to be in paid work & inadequate childcare > 40% of female nurses are migrants, they also enter UK as mail order brides & as victims of sex trafficking
71
Eade (Bengali Muslims & Hybrid Identities)
>Hybrid identity is a personal identity mixture of two or more influences > e.g. Second generation British Muslims had hierarchical identities e.g. Muslim 1st, Bengali 2nd etc > But due to this they have been accused of not fitting in
72
Eriksen (Impact of Globalisation & Transnational Identities)
> People now constantly move across the world, not settled in one country or culture with transnational identities > Technology: It is easier to maintain global ties with decreased need to travel > Migrants have increased links with other migrants around the world, rather than their country of origin or settlement - don't want to assimilate
73
State Approaches to Immigration
> Assimilationism | > Multiculturalism
74
Assimilationism
> First approach, encourages them to adopt language, values & become ‘like us’. > But fails as migrants want to keep aspects of ‘culture of origin’.
75
Multiculturalism
> Lets migrants keep features of original identity > But only superficial differences e.g. food (shallow diversity) > & not vital ones e.g. veiling of women (deep diversity)
76
Reasons for Politicians wanting Migrants assimilate culturally
9/11' e.g in France veiling of face was made illegal.
77
Castles (Problem with Assimilation Policies & A Divided working Class)
> Polices are counterproductive, sees minority groups as 'other', so respond by emphasising differences > This increases the host's suspicion of them so assimilation unlikely. > Assimilationist ideas encourages the working class to blame migrants for issues resulting in a racially divided working class

Z Sociology Tallu (36 decks)

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