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Z Sociology Tallu > 4.8 - Control & Punishment > Flashcards

4.8 - Control & Punishment Flashcards

1
Q

3 Crime Prevention Theories

A

> SCP
ECP
SCCP

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2
Q

Crime Prevention & Control (KS)

A

> Clarke (Target Hardening, Rational Choice Theory & SCP & Contrast w/ Root Cause Theories)

> Feslon (SCP & Port Authority) (PA)

> Wilson & Keilling (Broken Window Theory & 0 Tolerance Policing & NY Example)

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3
Q

Clarke - General view on Situational Crime Prevention

A

Reducing chances for crime, targeting specific crime, + risks of crime & - rewards & managing environment

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4
Q

Clarke (Target Hardening, Rational Choice Theory & SCP)

A

> Make it harder to be target of crime e.g. bars on windows, alarms systems, more CCTV

> Reshaping environment to design crime out of area, based on RCT

> e.g. burglar weighs + & - of robbing each home, if home used TH - likely to rob

> If haven’t + likely as they feel they’ll get away w/it.

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5
Q

Clarke (SCP & Contrast w/ Root Cause Theories)

A

> Instead of looking @ factors e.g. socialisation or capitalism

> Need for focus on immediate situation - most crime opportunistic, so - opportunities = - crime

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6
Q

Feslon (SCP & Port Authority) (PA)

A

> PA, area w/ lots of crime e.g. drugs, prostitutes, homeless

> Due to poor design, lead to + chances for deviancy, design crime out stops deviant activity

> e.g. large sinks homeless used to bathe, replaced w/ small hand basins

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7
Q

Chaiken - Criticisms of SCP (Displacement Theory)

A

> Doesn’t stop crime but moves it to diff area, in NY crackdown on subway crime, made it safer area

> But simply moved to streets instead

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8
Q

Types of Displacement

A

> Spatial (Somewhere else)
Temporal (Another time)
Target (Diff V)
Functional (do diff crime) > Tactical (Diff method)

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9
Q

Overall Criticisms of SCP

A

> Works for opportunistic street crime, not CC crime

> Not all criminals make rational choices in crime of violence, under influence of drugs/alcohol

> CCTV: focuses too much on young M & WC, feminists see it as male gaze, observe F & try control them

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10
Q

General View on Environmental Crime Prevention (ECP)

A

Improve local area & deal w/ low lvl crime e.g. vandalism, graffiti & loitering.

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11
Q

Wilson & Keilling (Broken Window Theory) (ECP)

A

> Signs of disorder e.g. graffiti, littering, vandalism, aren’t dealt w/ giving signal no one crimes

> So ppl wanting to do crime see police aren’t policing it well & feel they’ll get away w/ it

> Absence of control leds to crime, members of community, feel intimidated & powerless

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12
Q

Wilson & Keilling (0 Tolerance Policing)

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> Need 4 crackdown on disorder e.g. environmental improvement strategy - any broken window repaired immediately

> Police don’t just focus on serious crime, but all minor thing, stops neighbourhood decline & serious crime

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13
Q

Wilson & Keilling (0 Tolerance Policing, NY Example)

A

> Prior graffiti issue, new clean car policy, for graffiti to be cleaned from cars immediately

> So graffiti artists realised it’s waste of time, money so just stopped doing It.

> Also big fall in homicide rates between 93 & 96

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14
Q

Criticisms of 0 Tolerance Policing, NY Example

A

> Can’t know if fall in crime was due to 0 tolerance, but factors

> e.g. + police NO’s & falling unemployment, lack of cocaine availability etc.

> Criminalises petty deviants e.g. net widening

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15
Q

General View on Social & Community Crime Prevention (SCCP)

A

> Remove conditions causing ppl to do crime in 1st place, long term strategy

> Focus on reducing root causes e.g. poverty, unemployment & lack of housing etc.

> Even if policies on poverty etc, not main focus, likely to - crime as side effect

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16
Q

Example of SCCP Perry Pre-School Project (Michigan)

A

> Supplementary education w/enrichment programme & weekly home visits, for EM kids

> Longitudinal study over 40yrs, kids had - crime rates

> & calculated every dollar spent, 17 saved in welfare & prison costs.

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17
Q

Criticisms of SCCP

A

> Expensive & long term, gov’s only think about shorter periods of time

> Doesn’t deal w/ CC

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18
Q

Surveillance

A

Monitor behaviour to control & gather data on ppl & use it to regulate their behaviour e.g. CCTV

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19
Q

Surveillance (KS)

A

> Foucault (Birth of Prison, Panopticon, Dispersal of Discipline)
Baumann & Lyon (Post-Panoptical Society)

> Mathieson (Synoptic Surveillance)
Thompson (Impact of Synopticon on Politicians)

> Ericson (Surveillant Assemblages) (SA)

> Feely & Simon (Actuarial Justice)
Young (Actuarial Justice)
Lyon (Actuarial Justice)

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20
Q

Foucault & Birth of Prison - 2 Diff Types of Power

A

> Sovereign Power

> Disciplinary Power

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21
Q

Sovereign Power

A

> Past societies based on SP, monarch had full control > ppl’s bodies

> & capital/corporal punishment was a spectacle

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22
Q

Disciplinary Power

A

New system of discipline seeks to control body & mind through surveillance

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23
Q

Foucault (Panopticon)

A

> Prison design, where prisoner has cell visible to guards but guards not visible to prisoners

> Unaware if they’re being watched they must behave as if they are

> Turns into self-surveillance: control becomes invincible insider prisoner

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24
Q

Foucalt (Dispersal of Discipline)

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> Institutions e.g. mental asylums, factories schools use this pattern & DP widespread in society

> We don’t need discipline like past, as we feel we’re constantly being watched e.g. by CCTV or being policed by each other

> We police ourselves in our own mind e.g. we live within the panopticon, so - crime

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25
AO3 Criticisms of Foucalt
> Norris & Loveday > Goffman > Koskela
26
Norris & Loveday - Criticisms of Foucalt
> CCTV = no impact on crime & causes displacement, few robbers, shoplifters put off > Fulfills ideological function gives public false assurance on their security.
27
Goffman - Criticisms of Foucalt
Exaggerates extent of control e.g. even psychiatric patients can resist control
28
Koskela - Criticisms of Foucalt
CCTV is extension of male gaze, makes F + vulnerable to voyeurism of M camera operator
29
Baumann & Lyon (Post-Panoptical Society)
> Knowledge of being watched controls our behaviour > Liquids surveillance means we’re monitored from where we drive to what we buy
30
Types of Surveillance Theories after Foucault
> Synoptic Surveillance | > Actuarial Justice
31
Mathieson - Synoptic Surveillance
> Now top-down surveillance everybody watches each other e.g. social media > Media scrutiny of powerful groups leads to + self-surveillance. > Video cameras, dash cams also society to exercise control over controllers e.g. filming police wrong doing.
32
Thompson & Impact of Synopticon on Politicians
Politicians now fear media surveillance may uncover damaging info on them e.g. Hancock
33
McCahill (Criticisms of Synopticon Surveillance)
> Doesn’t reverse established hierarchies of surveillance > e.g. police w/ power to confiscate cameras of citizen journalists
34
Ericson (Surveillant Assemblages) (SA)
> Surveillance tech involves manipulation of digital data > physical bodies > Combo of tech into powerful SA e.g. CCTV footage anaylsed w/ face recognition software
35
Feely & Simon (Actuarial Justice)
> New tech of power able to stop offending w/ use of algorithms to predict chance of ppl offending > Focus on groups not ppl, to stop offending e.g. airport stop & search based on risk factors e.g. reg/age etc > Classifying groups based on perceived danger.
36
Young (Actuarial Justice)
Damage limitation strategy to reduce crime using statistical info to pick out likely offenders
37
Lyon (Actuarial Justice)
> Aims to categorise ppl, who’re treated diff based on level of risk > e.g. counter-terrorism scheme in Birmingham > Surrounding 2 muslim areas w/ 150 cameras
38
Criticisms of Actuarial Justice
> Offender profiles complied w/ OS, showing young black M + likely to offend > Profiling leds to police targeting & SFP, so + likely to be caught & convicted
39
Labelling & Surveillance
> CCTV operators targets blacks due to racist stereotypes > Creates SFP, criminalization of black + as offences are revealed > Criminalisation of others lessened as their offences are ignored
40
Purposes of Punishment
> Deterrence > Rehabilitation > Incapacitation > Retribution
41
Deterrence - Purposes of Punishment
Stops others offending in future e.g. Thatcher’s Sharp Shock regime in youth offenders institutes in ’80s
42
Rehabilitation & Incapacitation, Retribution - Purposes of Punishment
> Reforming & reeducating offenders so no longer offend e.g. training (REH) > Removing offender’s capacity to reoffend e.g. maiming & execution (IN) > Eye 4 eye society entitled to take revenge for breaking shared VC (RET)
43
Punishment (KS)
> Durkheim (General View & 2 Types of Justice) > Rusche & Melossi (Marxism) > Kirchheimer (Marxism) > Althusser (Marxism) > Thompson (Marxism) > Weberianism (Perspectives on Punishment) > Garland (Penal Welfarism, Era of Mass Incarceration) > Downes (Ideological Function of Mass Incarceration) > Carrabine et al (Consequences of Rising Prison Population) > Simon (Drugs, US & Imprisonment) > Cohen (Alts to Prison)
44
Durkheim General view on Punishment
Reinforce SS & shared values
45
Durkheim (2 Types of Justice)
> Retributive | > Restitutive
46
Retributive - 2 Types of Justice
> Society has strong CC, offenders crime has broken CC, desire to impose vengeance on offender > Society wants to lash out & hurt person for upsetting equilibrium of society
47
Restitutive - 2 Types of Justice
> Ppl more individualised & diff from 1 & other, but still interdependent > Function of justice to repair damage e.g. compensation, to restore things to prior state > Expresses collective emotions
48
Criticisms of Durkheim view on Punishment
> Durkheim view too simplistic, societies actually have restitutive justice > retributive > e.g. paying off a blood feud > execution
49
Althusser (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)
> CJS part of RSA, tool bourgeoisie uses to defend property & position of power > Part of agency of fear, WC fear of being taken away from families or death, so always conform
50
Thompson (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)
> Punishments e.g. hanging & transportation to colonies for theft & poaching > Part of rule of terror by UC > WC
51
Rusche & Melossi (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)
> Punishment reflects eco base of society, under capitalism imprisonment is dominant > As time is money & offenders pay by doing time, removing ability to earn wages > Prison & capitalist factory, both have strict discipline style, subordination & loss of liberty
52
Kirchheimer (Marxism, Capitalism & Punishment)
> Change in punishment from transportation - cheap prison labour, shows change in eco needs of UC > Brutality + when pop + & land - as labour forces -
53
Weberianism (Perspectives on Punishment)
> Only state w/ power to punish criminals not church like past > Punishment now based on impersonal rules/regulations set out by large gov
54
Changing Role of Prisons
> Pre-Industrial Europes had wide punishment e.g. fines, flogging etc, was mainly for holding offenders b4 punishment > Only est enlightenment imprisonment is form of punishment
55
Imprisonment Today
> Now harshest punishment, buts fails to rehabilitate due to re-offending & are skls of crime > est 80’s move to ‘’populist punitiveness’’ - politicians want tougher sentences but leads to + prison pop
56
Garland & Penal Welfarism
> From 50’s state used PW & CJS tried rehabilitating offenders to reintegrate in society > Moved into era where ‘punitive state’ has ‘culture of control’ & desire to punish offenders through > e.g. actuarialism, incarceration, transcreation, politicians use idea of being tough on crime to win elections
57
Carrabine et al (Consequences of Rising Prison Population)
> Now over pop w/ poor sanitation & lack of educational & wrk opportunities & inadequate family vists
58
Trends in Demography of Prison Pop
Young, Male, Uneducated, BAME
59
Garland (Era of Mass Incarceration)
> NO of prisoners + rapidly, 700K in local jails & +5 mil under supervision of CJS > Now systematic imprisonment of whole groups of pop e.g. young black M 3.5K/100,000 in US
60
Downes (Ideological Function of Mass Incarceration)
US prison soaks up 30%-40% of unemployed so makes capitalism look + successful.
61
Simon (Drugs, US & Imprisonment)
> War declared in last 40yrs on drugs gives limitless arrests of imprisonable offenders > As drugs industry has multiple potential roles leading to crime
62
Transcreation & Prison
> Ppl are locked in cycle of control, shifting vs diff carceral agencies through life > e.g. care, young offenders’ institution, prison, w/ blurring of boundaries w/ CJS & Welfare Agencies > Social services given + criminal control role sharing data w/police on = individuals
63
Alternatives to Prison
Recent + in Custodial controls e.g. probation, curfew, community service & electric tagging etc
64
Cohen (Alts to Prison)
> + controls put net of control over + ppl, range of sanctions allows control to penetrate deeper in society > Doesn’t take young away from CJS, but diverts them into it > e.g. ASBO fast-tracking them into custodial sentences.
65
UN Definition of Victims
Person harmed through acts/omissions violating laws of state.
66
Victimology (KS)
> Christie (Victims & Social Construction) > Miers (3 Areas of PV) > Hentig (V Proneness) (PV) > Wolfgang (V Precipitation) > Mawby & Walklate (Structural Factors) > Tombs & Whyte (Safety Crimes & Ideological Function of De-Labelling) > Pynoos - Indirect V’s of Crime
67
Christie (Victims & Social Construction)
> Stereotype of ideal V favoured by society & media is weak > Innocent & blameless & target of a stranger’s attack.
68
Miers (3 Areas of Positivist Victimology)
> Factors making some ppl/groups + likely to be V’s > Focus on interpersonal crimes of violence > Identify V’s contributing to own victimisation
69
Hentig (V Proneness) (PV)
> V’s + likely to be F, OAP or low IQ, so ‘invite’ victimisation purely due to their character > Also lifestyle factors e.g. V’s openly display weath
70
Wolfgang (V Precipitation)
> V’s triggers events leading to crime vs them e.g. murder & being 1st to use violence > e.g. where V was M & perpetrator F
71
Criticisms of PV
> Ignores wider structural factors e.g. poverty, patriarchy, racism etc > Victim blaming, your own fault e.g. rape cases ‘’she asked for it’’ - not sound argument > V’s may be unaware of own victimisation e.g. crime vs environment w/ harm done, but no law broke
72
Features of Critical V-ology & Crime
``` > Structural Factor > State Denial of Label of V > Safety Crime > Ideological Function of Power to Label > Hierarchy of Victimisation ```
73
Mawby & Walklate (Structural Factors) - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime
e.g. patriarchy & poverty so F & WC @ + risk of victimisation a form of structural powerlessness.
74
State Denial of Label of V - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime
> State reserves power to label, but withholds it frm some e.g. police don’t press charges vs M for assaulting wife > Denies her V status
75
Tombs & Whyte (Safety Crimes) - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime
> Company violation of law leading to deaths seen due to ‘accident prone’ workers. > Denies V, V status’ & blames them for their fate.
76
Tombs & Whyte (Ideological Function of De-Labelling - Features of Critical V-ology & Crime
> Conceal true extent of V-sation hides crimes of UC & denies powerless V’s justice > Powerless + likely to be victimised, yet least likely to have this acknowledged by state.
77
Criticisms of CV
> Ignores V’s may contribute to V-sation through not securing homes etc > Rich @ risk of crime as they’re attractive target to criminals, but not accounted 4 by CV
78
Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s
``` > Class > Age > Ethnicity > Gender > Repeat V-isation ```
79
Class - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s
> WC + likely to be V-ised e.g. crime rates + in areas of + unemployment & poverty e.g. WC can’t afford security > Homeless ppl + likely to experienced violence > general pop
80
Age - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s
> Young ppl @ + risk of v-isation. infants + risk of being murdered > Teens + vulnerable to adults for crimes e.g. assault, theft/abuse home. > Old @ + risk of abuse e.g. nursing homes, but v-isation is - visible.
81
Ethnicity - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s
> EM @ + risk > whites of general crime/racially motivated > EM, young & homeless + likely to report feeling under-protected yet over-controlled.
82
Gender - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s
M > F are V’s of violence & homicide, but + F V’s of DV, rape etc
83
Repeat V-isation - Factors Impacting ppl Becoming V’s
> Ppl already V’s + likely to be V’s again, 60% not V’s of any crime in last yr > But 4% of V’s of almost ½ crime in that period.
84
Impact of Crime on V’s
Fear of crime, disrupted sleep, helplessness, security-consciousness etc
85
Pynoos (Indirect V’s of Crime)
> Kid witnesses of sniper attack had PSTD/bad dreams, yr after event > Hate crimes has waves of harm, radiates out to others intimidating whole communities > Challenge value system of society

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