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Z Sociology Tallu > Beliefs - Religion & Globalisation - 5.5 > Flashcards

Beliefs - Religion & Globalisation - 5.5 Flashcards

1
Q

Fundamentalism

A

Appeal to tradition seek return to basics/fundamentals of their faith.

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2
Q

Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A 
> An authoritative sacred text
> Us & them mentality
> Aggressive reaction to threat
> Use of modern tech
> Patriarchy
> Conspiracy theories
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3
Q

An authoritative sacred text - Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A

> Literal interpretation of religious texts as eternally having answer’s to life’s questions

> See biblical prophecies being fulfilled today & intolerant to alternative views

> Refusing to engage in debate.

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4
Q

Characteristics of Fundamentalism (Key Study)

A

> Davie (Us & Them Mentality)

> Hawley (Patriarchy)

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5
Q

Davie - Us & Them Mentality

A

> Separateness from rest of world, unable to compromise

> Seek to create islands of certainty among perceived social & cultural chaos

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6
Q

Aggressive Reaction to Threat - Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A

> Like to draw attention to threat of beliefs & values through aggressive action

> Directed by elders or clergy

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7
Q

Use of Modern Technology - Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A

> Oppose modern society, but use modern technology to achieve aims

> e.g. televangelists, social media & military weaponry

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8
Q

Patriarchy - Hawley

A

Want to control women’s reproductive powers & sexuality & biologically based gender roles fixed by god

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9
Q

Prophecy - Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A

Believe final days will soon be upon us & second coming of christ & final defeat of Satan & Armageddon.

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10
Q

Conspiracy Theories - Characteristics of Fundamentalism

A

Islamic/Christian groups have anti-semitic views believing Jews are conspiring to secure world domination.

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11
Q

Fundamentalism, Modernity & Postmodernity (Key Studies)

A

> Davie (Fundamentalism & Modernity)

> Giddens (Fundamentalism & Modernity & Contrast with Cosmopolitanism)

> Bauman (Postmodernity & Fundamentalism)

> Castells (two Responses to Modernity)

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12
Q

Davie (Fundamentalism & Modernity)

A

> Only occurs when traditional beliefs threatened by modernity

> Also products of modernity, threat may be from outside

> e.g. globalisation or within e.g. liberal attitudes to gender

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13
Q

Fundamentalism & Modernity - Giddens

A

> Due to globalisation, undermining traditional norms concerning family diversity, sexuality & abortion etc.

> Fundamentalism offers protection from risky & uncertain world.

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14
Q

Fundamentalism & Contrast with Cosmopolitanism - Giddens

A

> Cosmopolitanism is a way of thinking embracing modernity - open to alternative views, it modifies beliefs based on new ideas.

> Life personal choice, not god focused, focused on self-improvement.

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15
Q

Bauman - Postmodernity & Fundamentalism

A

> Autonomy can cause uncertainty & increased awareness of risk undermining tradition.

> Some embrace freedom, but some attracted to truth & certainty of fundamentalism.

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16
Q

Castells - Two Responses to Modernity

A

> Resistance Identity

> Project Identity

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17
Q

Resistant Identity - Castells

A

Defensive reaction by those feeling threatened & retreat to fundamentalism

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18
Q

Project Identity - Castells

A

Forward thinkers engage with movements e.g. feminism & environmentalism.

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19
Q

A03 of Bauman, Giddens & Castells (Key Studies)

A

> Beckford

> Haynes

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20
Q

Beckford - Criticisms of Giddens, Bauman & Castells

A

> Too focused on fundamentalism & ignore impact of globalisation on catholicism.

> Ignore hybrid movements & doesn’t consider return to tradition as reflexive rather than defensive.

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21
Q

Haynes - Criticisms of Giddens, Bauman & Castells

A

> Islamic Fundamentalism not always reaction to globalisation.

> But react to local elites failing to improve living standards

22
Q

Monotheism & Secular Fundamentalism (Key Study)

A

> Bruce (Monotheism & Fundamentalism & two Fundamentalisms)

> Davie (Secular Fundamentalism) (1st Phase & 2nd Phase)

> Ansell (Implications of Secular Fundamentalism)

23
Q

Bruce - Monotheism & Fundamentalism

A

> Only in monotheistic religions as they’re based on god’s will from sacred texts.

> Polytheists don’t have an omnipotent (all powerful) God or authoritative texts

> So increased scope for differing interpretations.

24
Q

Two Fundamentalism’s - Bruce

A

> Western

> 3rd World

25
Western Fundamentalism - Bruce
> Reaction to changes in society e.g. diversity & choice. > e.g. New Christian Right developed as response to family diversity, sexual permissiveness & secular education > Want to restore religion to public role shaping laws & morals.
26
3rd World Fundamentalism - Bruce
> Reaction to external changes e.g. foreign capitalism or local elites > Includes resistance to states attempts to privatise religion e.g. Islamic Revolution in Iran
27
Davie - Secular Fundamentalism (1st Phase, 18c-1960’s)
> Enlightenment philosophers had optimistic secular belief in progress based on rationality. > Secualrised all areas of life & undermining religious certainties. > Led to Fundamentalism
28
Davie - Secular Fundamentalism (2nd Phase, 1970-)
> Enlightenment project attacked due to increasing uncertainty of globalisation > Secular ideologies e.g. liberalism & Marxism attacked > So people are increasingly attracted to anti-religious sentiment & increasing nationalism e.g. France made it illegal to wear hijab
29
Ansell - Implications of Secular Fundamentalism
> Sees trends as form of cultural racism uses ideas of equality & integration > But more about legitimating exclusion of religion or cultural minorities.
30
Clash of Civilisations (Key Studies)
> Huntington (Clash of Civilisations) > World Values Survey (Real Clash of Civilisations) > Ingelhart & Norris (Real Clash of Civilisations)
31
Huntington - Clash of Civilisations
> Nation-states insignificant as source of identity creating gap filled by religion > Globalisation results in increasing contact with civilisations led to conflict with an us & them mentality - with competition between civilisations for economic/military power. > Religious differences harder to resolve compared to political differences, as they’re deeply rooted in history & culture. > West under threat from Islam, needs to reassert Christanity to win.
32
Examples of Civilisations outlined by Huntington
> Western > Islamic > Hindu > Latin American
33
A03 Criticisms of Huntington (Key Studies)
> Jackson > Casanova > Horrie & Chippendale > Armstrong
34
Jackson - Criticisms of Huntington
Form of Orientalism e.g. Western ideology stereotyping eastern religions as untrustworthy to justify human rights abuses.
35
Casanova - Criticisms of Huntington
Huntington ignores divisions in civilisations e.g. Sunni & Shia Islam
36
Horrie & Chippendale - Criticisms of Huntington
Portrays whole of Islam as enemy, not all muslims interested in holy war against the west.
37
Armstrong - Criticisms of Huntington
Hostility against the West isn’t due to fundamentalist Islam, but reaction to the West’s support of Israel & aggressive treatment of Palestinians/ wars in the Middle East.
38
Real Clash of Civilisations - World Values Survey
> Issue dividing West from the Muslim world, not about democracy but sexuality > Increased differences in attitudes to divorce, abortion & LGBT
39
Ingelhart & Norris - Real Clash of Civilisations
> No global agreement on values e.g. gender equality & free speech > These values are real reason for clash between the West & muslim societies.
40
Define Cultural Defence
> Religion unites community against an external threat e.g Poland & Iran > Shows how religion can be used to defend national identity against domination by an external power
41
Bruce - Poland as an example of Cultural Defence
> Communist rule imposed by Soviet Union , so church was suppressed > Still embodying national identity & rallying point against communism > Church actively supported solidarity free Trade Union movement leading to fall of communism.
42
Bruce - Iran as example of Cultural Defence
> Western capitalist powers had long influence, bringing, pro-western regime headed by Shah > Later aiming for rapid modernisation & westernisation, but Islam was form of resistance > Revolution meant creation of Islamic Republic - clergy had state power & imposed Sharia Law.
43
Religion & Development (Key Studies)
> Nanda (God & Globalisation in India, Hinduism & Consumerism & Ultra Nationalism) > Nanda (Rejection of Poverty & Existential Security for increased religiosity) > Berger (Pentecostalism in LA) > Lehmann (Pentecostalism, Global & Local)
44
God & Globalisation in India - Nanda
> Globalisation created urban educated middle class, working in jobs closely linked to economic growth - predicted to be the first people to abandon religion > But the middle class still believe in the supernatural resulting in increased religious tourism e.g. temples - it is fashionable to be religious > Middle class are more attracted to gods worshipped by working class, as they’re seen more responsive to people's needs
45
Nanda - Rejection of Poverty & Existential Security for increased religiosity
> Can’t be reason as middle class aren’t poor, religiosity isn’t a defence reaction to westernisation > Middle class in India are optimistic about chances globalisation brings
46
Hinduism & Consumerism - Nanda
> Tele-gurus changed view of wealth, not sinful to be rich but a sign of divine favour. > Using business-friendly version of Hinduism, accepting materialism > Consumerism can be spiritually balanced - paying for extravagant rituals, modern version of Hinduism legitimates position of the middle class
47
Hindu-Ultra Nationalism - Nanda
> Believe culture is superior to others, media promotes view success in global market due to this > Worship of gods now create a worshipping nation, hinduism now a civil religion > Also penetrated public life, Hindu sciences e.g. astrology to predict natural disasters
48
Capitalism in East Asia
> Tiger economies e.g. Korea & Singapore - now industrialised, big forces in global economy as well as China > Spirit of capitalism in Chinese as Confucianism encourage hard work, discipline & self-improvement > Similar to protestant work ethic as it creates economic productivity & gain of capital.
49
Berger - Pentecostalism in Latin America
> Had similar impact to Calvinism in EU, encourages people to better themselves work their way out of poverty not waiting for salvation > Thus improves inspiring followers to adopt a dedicated work ethic > e.g. Brazil & Chile have pentecostalist middle class leading capitalist development
50
Lehmann - Pentecostalism: Global & Local
> Successful global religion due to ability to incorporate local beliefs > Whilst giving people access to greater power e.g Holy Spirit, creating new local religious forms, not replacing existing beliefs > e.g. Africa & Africanisation of Christianity whilst maintaining indigenous religions

Z Sociology Tallu (36 decks)

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