Families And Households Flashcards
1
Q
Couples- Domestic Division of Labour- Parsons
A
- Instrumental role
Male breadwinner / provides for family - Expressive role
Female homemaker / socialisation of children / emotional needs of family
Based on biological differences, beneficial to both men and women
2
Q
Couples- Domestic Division of Labour- Bott
A
- Joint conjugal roles
Share housework and childcare / leisure time together - Segregated conjugal roles
Male breadwinner and female homemaker / leisure time separate
Young + Willmott- segregated conjugal roles in Bethnal Green, 1950’s
3
Q
Couples- Domestic Division of Labour- Young + Willmott
A
- The symmetrical family
March of progress- roles becoming more equal and democratic
Trend toward joint conjugal roles
Women going out to work
Men helping with housework/childcare
Leisure time together
More common in younger and more affluent couples
Due to change in women’s position, geographical mobility, new tech and high standard of living
4
Q
Couples- Domestic Division of Labour- Feminist View of Housework
A
- Oakley- criticises Y+W- exaggerated
Husbands only do pleasurable aspects of housework and childcare - Boulton- fewer than 20% husbands had major role in childcare
- Warde + Hetherington- sex-typing of domestic tasks remains strong
Men only do ‘female’ tasks when partners not around to do them
5
Q
Couples- Becoming More Equal- Impact of Paid Work
A
- Oakley
- Leading to more equal division of domestic tasks- March of progress
- Dual burden, paid work and domestic work- Feminist
6
Q
Couples- Becoming More Equal- March of Progress View
A
- Yes, Y+W symmetrical family
- Gershuny- women working full time=more equal division of labour
- Sullivan- trend of women doing less domestic work and men more
7
Q
Couples- Becoming More Equal- Feminist View
A
- No, little sign of ‘new man’ who does equal share of housework and childcare / women carry dual burden
- British Social Attitudes Survey- overall women do twice as much as men / continue to divide household tasks traditionally
8
Q
Couples- Becoming More Equal- Responsibility For Children
A
- Ferri + Smith- fathers take responsibility children in >4%
- Dex + Ward- 1% fathers took responsibility when child sick
- Braun, Vincent + Ball- 3/70 families was father main carer
- Emotion work and Triple Shift
Hochschild- emotion work- managing emotions of family and themselves
Duncombe + Marsden- triple shift- housework, paid work and emotion work
9
Q
Couples- Becoming More Equal- Responsibility For Quality Time
A
- Southerton
- Coordinating, scheduling, managing usually falls to mothers
- Becoming more difficult due to working mothers
- Different experiences of leisure time
10
Q
Couples- Becoming More Equal- Explaining Gender Division of Labour
A
- Crompton + Lyonette
- Cultural explanation- patriarchal norms and values shape gender roles
Gershuny- more likely to share housework equally if parents did
Kan- younger men do more domestic
Dunne- lesbian couples=more symmetrical as absence of norms - Material explanation- women earn less so more economically rational they do housework and childcare
Kan- for every £10,000 woman earns, 2 hours less housework per week
Ramos- when woman breadwinner, man does as much domestic labour
11
Q
Couples- Resources and Decision Making- Money Management
A
- Pahl + Vogler
- Allowance system- men give wives allowance which have to budget to meet family’s needs
- Pooling- both partners have access to income and responsibility for expenditure
12
Q
Couples- Resources and Decision Making- Decision-Making
A
- Pahl + Vogler- even when pooling, men made major financial decisions
- Edgell
Very important decisions- husband or joint but husband=final say
Important decisions- joint
Less important decisions- wife
Because men earn more
13
Q
Couples- Resources and Decision Making- Cultural and Material Explanations
A
- Gershuny + Laurie- findings support material
- Feminists- inequalities not due to differences in earnings / men being decision makers instilled through gender role socialisation / supports cultural
14
Q
Couples- Resources and Decision Making- Personal Life Perspective
A
- Meanings couples give to who controls money
- Smart- same sex couples=no importance to who controlled money as don’t have stereotypes
- Weeks- typical pattern=pooling some money for household spending and separate accounts for personal spending
15
Q
Couples- Domestic Violence- Overview
A
- Psychological, physical, sexual, financial and emotional violence/abuse
- DV is too far widespread to be the work of a few individuals
DV does not occur randomly but follows social patterns that have social causes - Dobash + Dobash- incidents set off by challenges to a man’s authority
- Walby + Allen- women more likely victims of multiple incidents
- Dar- difficult to count separate DV incidents as can be continuous
16
Q
Couples- Domestic Violence- Official Statistics
A
- Yearnshire- victims unwilling to report to police, women suffer 35 assaults before reporting- too trivial/fear of reprisal
- Cheal- police reluctant to investigate cases brought to them, as not prepared to become involved
Family is a private sphere
Agencies tend to ignore dark side
If a woman is experiencing abuse, she is free to leave
17
Q
Couples- Domestic Violence- Explanations
A
- Radical Feminist Explanation- role of patriarchal ideas, cultural values and institutions
Millett + Firestone- all societies have been founded on patriarchy / family and marriage is main source of oppression with men dominating through use of DV
Elliot- criticises- most men opposed to DV / fail to recognise female violence / not all women equally at risk of DV - Materialist explanation- economic factors like lack of resources
Wilkinson + Pickett- DV due to stress on members caused by social inequality, meaning unstable relationships, increasing conflict
Don’t explain why women are main victims / ‘takers of shit’- DV product of capitalism
18
Q
Childhood- As a Social Construct- Modern Western Notion
A
- Physically and psychologically immature / lengthy period of nurturing and socialisation as lack skills
- Pilcher- separateness
Clear and distinct life stage
Separate status from adults
Child laws / dress / products and services - Childhood=golden age of happiness and innocence / vulnerable
- Wagg- childhood=socially constructed / no universal childhood
19
Q
Childhood- As a Social Construct- Cross-cultural Differences
A
- Benedict- socially constructed as differs in cultures / children in non-industrial societies treated differently in three ways:
- Take responsibility at an early age
Punch- Bolivia- once 5, take up work
Holmes- Samoa- ‘too young’ never valid - Less value placed on obedience to adult authority
Firth- Tikopia- doing as you’re told=concession granted not expected - Sexual behaviour views differently
Malinowski- Trobriand islanders- tolerance and amused interest toward sexual explorations
20
Q
Childhood- As a Social Construct- Globalisation of Western Childhood
A
- International humanitarian and welfare agencies=imposed western norms on rest of world
Separate life stage / nuclear / innocent / dependent and vulnerable - Campaigns against child labour may be a norm for one culture but not the western one
21
Q
Childhood- As a Social Construct- Historical Differences
A
- Aries- in Middle Ages, idea of childhood did not exist
Soon after weaned, began work at early age
‘Mini adults’ with same rights, duties, skills as adults - Evidence=works of art
Children appear without any characteristics of childhood but depicted on a smaller scale- same dress, working and playing together - Shorter- high death rates encouraged indifference and neglect toward infants
22
Q
Childhood- As a Social Construct- Modern Cult of Childhood
A
- Aries- socially constructed as ideas and status changed over time / elements of modern notion of childhood emerged in 13th century:
- Schools- specialised purely in education of the young- influence of the church as saw children as fragile
- Clothing- growing distinction from adults
- Handbooks on child rearing- growing child-centredness
- 20th century=century of the child
Used to see childhood as nothing special, now we are obsessed with it - Pollock- more correct to say Middle Ages had different notion from today
23
Q
Childhood- As a Social Construct- Reasons for Changes in Position of Children
A
- Laws restricting child labour
Economic assets to economic liabilities, financially dependent - Compulsory schooling
Raising of school leaving age=extended period of dependency - Declining family size and lower infant mortality
Greater financial and emotional investment in fewer children - Industrialisation
Underlies many changes
Modern industry needs educated workforce=compulsory schooling
Higher standards of living industry makes possible=lower infant mortality
