According to Bruner, below are the three modes of representation. Fill in the blanks. 1. [blank] representations (action-based) 2. [blank] representations (image-based) 3. Symbolic representations ( blank -based)

1. Enactive representations (action-based) 2. Iconic representations (image-based) 3. Symbolic representations (language-based)

Facilitating Learning Flashcards by Ranj Remedios

What principle of learning states that learning is strengthened when accompanied by satisfying feelings?

Principle of Effect

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What principle of learning states that what is taught must be taught right at the first time?

Principle of Primacy

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What principle of learning states that teaching must include exciting learning experiences?

Principle of Intensity

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What principle of learning states that things most recently learned are the best remembered?

Principle of recency

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This term refers to “thinking about thinking”

Metacognition

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Which developmental theorist introduced the concept of Emotional Intelligence?

Daniel Goleman

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Which developmental theorist introduced the concept of Sociocultural Cognitive Development?

Lev Vygotsky

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Which instructional theorist introduced the concept of practical life and autonomous learning?

Maria Montessori (Montessori method)

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Which instructional theorist introduced the theory of scaffolding; enactive, iconic, and symbolic mentalities; insight learning?

Jerome Bruner

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Sir Christian tells me to apply Bruner’s Theory of Scaffolding when he observes the class I’ll be teaching. What will I be expected to do?

I need to model or demonstrate how to solve problems and support my students as needed.

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According to Bruner, below are the three modes of representation. Fill in the blanks.

[blank] representations (action-based)
[blank] representations (image-based)
Symbolic representations (blank-based)

Enactive representations (action-based)
Iconic representations (image-based)
Symbolic representations (language-based)

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Which instructional theorist introduced the concept of conditions of learning; 9 levels of learning; and events of instruction?

Robert Gagne

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Which instructional theorist introduced the motivation model?

(Ckue: Helen’s deafness gave her motivation.)

Keller

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What is the difference between convergent and divergent thinking?

Convergent = applying previous solutions to new problems

Divergent = creating new solutions to new problems

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Who is the father of metacognition?

John Flavell

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These are the building blocks of cognition

Concepts

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This is the basic unit of procedural knowledge

Production

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What are the three types of cognitive demand?

Extraneous, Essential, and Generative Processing

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What kind of cognitive process is involved when students learn something that is irrelevant or distracting them from the lesson?

Extraneous processing

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What kind of cognitive process is involved when students learn a new material?

Essential processing

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What kind of cognitive process is involved when student learn to connect the new material to other familiar concepts (aka applying them)?

Generative processing

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A student with poor learning strategies can be called as what type of learner?

Novice learner

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Who is the father of the modern IQ test?

Alfred Binet

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Who first coined the term IQ?

Charles Spearman

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Who was the proponent of the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

Robert Sternberg

What are the three components of the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?

Analytic, Creative, and Practical Intelligence

Explain Thorndike's Law of Readiness

This law suggests that a person must be ready or prepared to learn. If an individual is ready to perform an act, doing so is satisfying, while not being able to perform it causes frustration. Likewise, if someone is not ready to perform an act and is forced to do so, it will be unpleasant.

Explain Thorndike's Law of Effect

This law states that behaviors followed by satisfying or positive outcomes are likely to be repeated, while behaviors followed by unpleasant or negative outcomes are less likely to be repeated.

Explain Thorndike's Law of Exercise

According to this law, the more a behavior is practiced or repeated, the stronger the learning and the more likely the behavior will be performed correctly. Conversely, without practice, the learned behavior weakens.

What is rote learning?

It's when you learn something by repeating it over and over again until you remember it.

Who was the proponent of the Subsumption/ Meaningful Reception Theory? What is this theory all about?

David Ausubel For learning to be meaningful, you need to understand the new information and see how it fits with what you already know.

Who was the proponent of the Gestalt Learning Theory? What was this theory all about?

Wolfgang Kohler; People learn best by understanding the entire situation or problem (the "whole") rather than just focusing on separate parts of it.

What learning theory explains the importance of active and discovery learning; learning from trial and error? Also, who was the proponent of this theory?

Insight Learning Theory; Jerome Bruner

A child sees a cat for the first time and realizes that not all four-legged furry animals are dogs. The child then adjusts their understanding to distinguish between dogs and cats. According to Piaget, this demonstrates what process of cognitive development?

Accomodation

A child sees a cat for the first time and calls it a "dog" because it has four legs and fur. The child is trying to fit the new animal into their existing understanding of what animals are like. According to Piaget, this demonstrates what process of cognitive development?

Assimilation

Remembering your last birthday party, including the people who were there, the gifts you received, and the cake you ate. These are what type of long-term memory?

Episodic memory

Knowing that Paris is the capital of France, understanding the rules of grammar, or knowing what a dog is. These are what type of long-term memory?

Semantic memory

Knowing how to ride a bike, tie your shoelaces, or play a musical instrument. These are what type of long-term memory?

Procedural memory

According to Freud, at what stage do children develop an Oedipus/Electra complex?

Phallic Stage

According to Freud, what happens to sexual feelings during the latency stage?

They become dormant

What are the five systems in Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System Theory?

Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem

According to Bronfenbrenner’s Ecological System Theory, Tim and Kath are part of my [blank]-system. If Tim and Kath interact, then they belong to my [blank]-system.

Micro- Meso-

According to Bronfenbrenner, the culture, laws, and norms in the Philippines are a part of what system?

Macrosystem

According to Bronfenbrenner, if Tim’s mood is affected by what he sees on the news or what happens to him at Lumiere, this is a part of what system of mine?

Exosystem

According to Bronfenbrenner, if I experience a major historical event (like the pandemic) or a major life event (like migrating to Canada), this is a part of what system?

Chronosystem

[proponent’s] [name of theory] highlights the importance of social interaction, culture, and language in learning and development.

Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory/Social Constructivism

Who coined the Zone of Proximal Development and what does it mean?

Lev Vygotsky It refers to the range of tasks that a child can perform with the help and guidance of others but cannot yet perform independently. (I can do math if T.Thess gives me a hint)

According to Kohler, the principle of [blank] suggests that the human eye is inclined to follow paths, lines, or curves in a continuous flow rather than perceiving abrupt changes.

Continuity

According to Kohler, the principle of [blank] states that objects that are alike in appearance (such as color, shape, size, or texture) are perceived as being more related than objects that are not alike. Our minds group alike elements together.

Similarity

According to Kohler, the principle of [blank] suggests that objects that are close to each other are perceived as being related, more so than objects that are spaced farther apart. Our brains group nearby elements together.

Proximity

According to Kohler, the principle of [blank] emphasizes the importance of contrast in perception. It refers to the way we distinguish an object from its surrounding background.

Figure/Ground

What classroom management technique is being used when a teacher can move through a lesson without being distracted or interrupting students' work?

Smoothness

What classroom management technique is being used when a teacher is aware of what's happening in a classroom at all times and preventing behavioral issues from starting?

Withitness

What classroom management technique is being used when a teacher moves around the classroom, closer to various students, while teaching?

Proximity Control

What are David Perkin's three elements of intelligence? Enumerate and explain each in your own words.

Neural Intelligence is the brain's raw processing power. Experiential Intelligence is the ability to learn from and apply past experiences. Reflective Intelligence is the capacity to evaluate and improve one's own thinking processes.

Enumerate Piaget's stages of cognitive development, including the age brackets.

1. Sensorimotor Stage (Birth to 2 yrs old) 2. Preoperational Stage (2-7 yrs old) 3. Concrete Operational Stage (7-10 yrs old) 4. Formal Operational Stage (11+ years old)

Children learn through senses and actions, but don’t understand object permanence until later in the stage. What stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is being described?

Sensorimotor

Children use symbols and engage in pretend play but can’t yet understand conservation (the understanding that quantity doesn’t change even when its shape does) or other logical concepts. What stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is being described?

Preoperational

Children think logically about concrete things but struggle with abstract ideas. What stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is being described?

Concrete Operational

Adolescents can think abstractly and hypothetically, though consistent application may vary. What stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory is being described?

Formal Operational

What metocognition variable is being described below? You might know that you learn best by reading and taking notes rather than listening to lectures. Or, you might realize that you tend to get distracted easily and need a quiet environment to focus.

Person variables

What metocognition variable is being described below? If you’re preparing for a math test, you recognize that it requires not just memorizing formulas but also understanding how to apply them to different types of problems. Or, when writing an essay, you know that it will require more time and effort compared to answering multiple-choice questions.

Task variables

What metocognition variable is being described below? If you’re trying to remember a list of vocabulary words, you might decide to use flashcards. Or, if you're reading a complex article, you might choose to highlight key points and summarize each paragraph to better understand the content.

Strategy variables

Enumerate Felder and Solomon's Learning Styles Model

Active vs. Reflective Sensing vs. Intuitive Visual vs. Verbal Sequential vs. Global

What question would you ask a student if you were trying to decide whether they were an active vs reflective learner?

Do you prefer learning by doing or by thinking?

What question would you ask a student if you were trying to decide whether they were an sensing vs intuitive learner?

Do you prefer concrete facts or abstract concepts?

What question would you ask a student if you were trying to decide whether they were an visual vs verbal learner?

Do you prefer learning through images or words?

What question would you ask a student if you were trying to decide whether they were an sequential vs global learner?

Do you prefer a step-by-step approach or understanding the big picture first?

According to Ausubel, Subsumption is the process where new information is added to an existing framework of knowledge. Enumerate and differentiate the two types of subsumption.

1. Correlative Subsumption: This occurs when new information elaborates or modifies existing knowledge. 2. Derivative Subsumption: This happens when new information is a specific example of a general concept that the learner already knows.

What is the difference between active vs discovery learning?

Discovery Learning: Focuses on students discovering new knowledge on their own, with minimal guidance. Active Learning: Involves students in activities that require active engagement with the material, often with more structured guidance from the teacher.