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Orthodontics > Facial Growth 2 > Flashcards

Facial Growth 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the primary cartilages of the face

A

nasal capsule and meckels cartilage

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2
Q

by which way do the maxilla and mandible develop

A

intramembranously

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3
Q

what is the base of the skull formed by

A

endochondral ossification

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4
Q

what is the vault of the skull formed by

A

intramembranous ossification

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5
Q

what are the sites of facial growth

A

sutures
synchondroses
surface deposition

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6
Q

what are sutures

A

specialised fibrous joints situated between intramembranous bone

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7
Q

why does growth at sutures occur

A

in response to growing structures separating the bone (growth of calvarium in development of brain)

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8
Q

where are synchondroses found

A

in midline

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9
Q

where do synchondroses exist

A

between ethmoid, sphenoid and occipital bones

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10
Q

what is a synchondroses

A

a cartilage based growth centre with growth occurring in both directions

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11
Q

what happens at synchondroses when growth occurs

A

bones on either side are moved apart
new cartilage formed in centre of synchondrosis as cartilage at periphery is transformed into bone

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12
Q

what is surface deposition

A

new bone deposited beneath periosteum over the surfaces of both cranial and facial bones

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13
Q

what is the process of deposition and resorption known as

A

remodelling

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14
Q

what is the change in position of a bone due to remodelling known as

A

drift

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15
Q

why does the cranial vault expand

A

in response to growing brain

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16
Q

what age does the cranial vault expand until

A

7

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17
Q

how does the cranial vault grow

A

bone growth at sutures
external and internal surface remodelling

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18
Q

how does the cranial base grow

A

endochondral ossification
surface remodelling

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19
Q

when is the cranial base finished growing

A

20 years

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20
Q

what does the shape or angle of the cranial base affect

A

jaw relationship

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21
Q

what is a small cranial base angle associated with

A

class 3

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22
Q

what is a large cranial base angle associated with

A

class 2

23
Q

what does displacement mean

A

when a mass of bone is moved relative to its neighbours

24
Q

what is displacement brought about by

A

forces exerted by the soft tissues and intrinsic bone growth

25
Q

what does forward displacement of the mandible allow

A

space posteriorly for maxillary tuberosities and eruption of molars

26
Q

where in the maxilla/nasomaxillary complex does sutural growth take place

A

zygomatic and frontal bones and mid palatine suture

27
Q

where does mandibular growth occur from

A

condylar cartilage

28
Q

how does mandibular growth occur

A

surface remodelling

29
Q

in what direction does the mandible grow

A

down and forward

30
Q

where is resorption in the mandible

A

anteriorly, lingually

31
Q

where is deposition in the mandible

A

posteriorly and laterally

32
Q

what does growth of the mandible allow

A

increase in heigh of ramus and increase in length of dental arch to accommodate permanent teeth

33
Q

when does growth slow in the mandible

A

17 years in females
19 years in males

34
Q

when does growth slow in the maxilla

A

12 years

35
Q

when does growth accelerate in the mandible

A

during puberty

36
Q

what order does growth slow first in maxilla and mandible

A

width
length
height

37
Q

when will treatment best work if aimed at the mandible

A

during pubertal growth spurt

38
Q

when will treatment best work if aimed at the maxilla

A

before circumaxillary sutures and palate have fused (teenage years)

39
Q

what is the impact of growth on orthodontic treatment

A

can affect severity of malocclusion
can be utilised to facilitate treatment
continued unfavourable growth after treatment can mean relapse

40
Q

what is a growth rotation due to

A

imbalance in the growth of anterior and posterior face height

41
Q

what do forward rotations lead to

A

short face
deep bite

42
Q

what do backwards rotations lead to

A

long face
anterior open bite

43
Q

what bone is referred to for growth rotations

A

mandible

44
Q

how do you measure facial growth changes

A

casts of face
cephalometry
3D laser scanning
3D photogrammetry

45
Q

what are the indications for taking a lateral ceph

A

aid diagnosis
treatment planning
progress monitoring

46
Q

what is lateral cephalometry

A

standardised lateral radiographs of face and base of skull

47
Q

what should the patient be positioned like for a lateral ceph

A

frankfurt plane parallel to floor
teeth in RCP

48
Q

how is the head kept steady in a lateral ceph

A

contacting soft tissues at nasion and ear rods in external acoustic meatus

49
Q

how do we analyse lateral cephs

A

identify landmarks and lines
measure length/height/angles

50
Q

what do we look at on a lateral ceph

A

relationship between jaws and cranial base
relationship between jaws
position of teeth relative to jaws
soft tissue profile

51
Q

what reference landmarks are used in a lateral ceph

A

sella
nasion
a point
b point
anterior and posterior nasal spine
pogonion
mention
gonion
porion
orbitale

52
Q

what reference lines are used in a lateral ceph

A

sella-nasion
frankfurt plane
maxillary plane
occlusal line
mandibular plane

53
Q

what does the eastman analysis measure

A

antero posterior position of maxilla and mandible relative to base of skull
position of mandible relative to maxilla
angulation of teeth to maxilla and mandible
vertical facial proportions

54
Q

what are the errors with cephalometry

A

radiographic projection errors
errors with measuring system
errors in landmark identification

Orthodontics (10 decks)

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