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Orthodontics > Facial Growth > Flashcards

Facial Growth Flashcards

1
Q

what determines position of teeth and malocclusion

A

size shape and position of underlying jaws

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2
Q

why is it important to study facial growth

A

insight into growth of face
understand development of facial anomalies
measure changes in growth and treatment

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3
Q

when do the limbs, organs and face form in utero

A

within first two months

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4
Q

what can cause cranio-facial abnormalities early on in the pregnancy

A

external environmental influence

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5
Q

what is neural crest migration important in

A

development of face

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6
Q

when do the neural folds fuse and what do they form

A

neural tube
end of week 3

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7
Q

what will failure of neural folds to fuse cause

A

spina bifida

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8
Q

what does the neural tube develop into

A

brain and spinal cord

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9
Q

if the neural tube fails to develop what does it cause

A

anencephaly

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10
Q

what is absent with anencephaly

A

cerebral hemisphere and cranial vault

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11
Q

what cells are developed from ectoderm during folding of the neural plate

A

neural crest cells

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12
Q

what do neural crest cells undergo

A

migration and differentiate into other cell types

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13
Q

what contributes to the branchial arch cartilage, bone and connective tissue and dental tissues

A

ectomesenchyme

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14
Q

what does the ectomesenchyme come from

A

neural crest

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15
Q

when does formation of the face occur

A

during first eight weeks after fertilisation

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16
Q

what are defects of the face, particularly in the midline related to

A

defects of anterior parts of brain

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17
Q

what is the face formed from

A

migrating neural crest cells

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18
Q

what can failure of fusion between facial processes lead to

A

cleft formation

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19
Q

why can cleft lip occur independently of cleft palate

A

upper lip and anterior palate have different embryological origins from posterior palate and fuse at different times

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20
Q

what forms the branchial arches and when are they formed

A

migrating neural crest cells in week 4

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21
Q

when does the extension and fusion of facial processes occur

A

weeks 5-7

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22
Q

what is the skull divided into

A

neurocranium and viscerocranium

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23
Q

what does the neurocranium form

A

protective case around the brain

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24
Q

what does the viscerocranium form

A

skeleton of face

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25
Q

what bones of the head are intramembranous

A

vault of skull, maxilla and mandible

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26
Q

what is intramembranous ossification

A

bone deposited directly into primitive mesenchymal tissue

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27
Q

describe intramembranous ossification process

A

needle like bony spicules form which radiate from ossification centres to the periphery
progressive bone formation results in fusion of adjacent bony centres

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28
Q

what is endochondral ossification

A

bones are preceded by a hyaline cartilage model

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29
Q

what does endochondral ossification form

A

base of skull

30
Q

when does the basi-occiput form

A

at 10-12 weeks

31
Q

at birth where do cartilaginous growth centres remain

A

between sphenoid and occipital bones and in nasal septum

32
Q

when does intramembranous ossification of the vault occur

A

in third month

33
Q

when does the anterior fontanelle close

A

2 years of age

34
Q

when does the posterior fontanelle close

A

1 year of age

35
Q

why does growth occur at fibrous sutures

A

in response to intracranial pressure

36
Q

how long does growth of the skull continue for

A

7 years

37
Q

what do the maxilla and mandible develop adjacent to

A

Meckel’s cartilage

37
Q

what do the maxilla and mandible develop adjacent to

A

nasal capsule and Meckel’s cartilage

38
Q

what does the angular unit of the mandible form in response to

A

lateral pterygoid and masseter muscles

39
Q

what does the coronoid unit of the mandible form in response to

A

temporalis muscle development

40
Q

when would the alveolar unit of the mandible form in response to

A

only if teeth are developing

41
Q

what does the body of the mandible form in response to

A

inferior dental nerve

42
Q

what are the 3 main sites of secondary cartilage formation in the mandible

A

condylar cartilage
coronoid cartilage
symphyseal end of each half of mandible

43
Q

how long does growth continue at the condylar cartilage

A

until about 20 years of age

44
Q

what is a primary abnormality

A

defect in structure of an organ or part of an organ that can be traced back to an anomaly in its development

45
Q

what is a secondary abnormality

A

interruption of the normal development of an organ that can be traced back to other influences

46
Q

what is a deformation

A

anomalies that occur due to outer mechanical effects on existing structures

47
Q

what is agenesia

A

absence of an organ due to failed development during embryonic period

48
Q

what is sequence

A

single factor results in numerous secondary effects

49
Q

what is a syndrome

A

group of anomalies that can be traced to a common origin

50
Q

what 5 types of maxillary hypoplasia are associated with clefts

A

aperts syndrome
crouzons syndrome
oral facial digital syndrome
cleidocranial dysostosis
cleft lip and palate

51
Q

what 5 mandibular problems can be associated with clefts

A

treacher collins syndrome
pierre robin
sticklers syndrome
van der woude syndrome
hemifacial microsomia

52
Q

what is an environmental factor that can cause a facial syndrome in the first 1-8 weeks of development

A

foetal alcohol syndrome

53
Q

what are the multifactorial factors that can cause problems with facial development

A

hemifacial microsomia
treacher collins syndrome
clefts of lip and palate

54
Q

what is foetal alcohol syndrome caused by

A

high maternal intake of alcohol

55
Q

what features do people with foetal alcohol syndrome present with

A

microcephaly
short nose
small midface
small mandible
long upper lip with deficient philtrum
mild mental retardation

56
Q

what does hemifacial microsomia present like

A

unilateral mandibular hypoplasia
zygomatic arch hypoplasia
high arched palate
malformed pinna
deafness
cardiac and renal problems

57
Q

why does treacher collins syndrome occur

A

deformity of 1st and 2nd branchial arches

58
Q

what does treacher collins syndrome look like

A

anti-mongoloid slant palpebral fissures
hypoplastic or missing zygomatic arches
hypoplastic mandible with antigonal notch
conductive deafness

59
Q

what group of people have higher incidence of cleft lip and palate and also of cleft lip alone

A

males

60
Q

what group of people have higher incidence of cleft palate

A

females

61
Q

what are the genetic factors of cleft lip and palate

A

monozygotic twins
syndromes
familial pattern

62
Q

what are the environmental factors of cleft lip and palate

A

social deprivation
smoking
alcohol
anti-epileptics
multivitamins (decrease chances by 25%)

63
Q

what are the dental features of cleft lip and palate

A

impacted teeth
crowding
hypodontia
supernumeraries
hypoplastic teeth
caries

64
Q

why does achondroplasia occur

A

problem with endochondrial ossification

65
Q

what does achondroplasia present like

A

defective long bones = short limbs
retrusive middle third of face
frontal bossing
depressed nasal bridge

66
Q

what is crouzons

A

premature closure of cranial sutures

67
Q

what does crouzons look like

A

proptosis
orbital dystopia
retusion and vertical shortening of midface
prominent nose
class 3 malocclusion

68
Q

what is early closure of sutures called

A

cranial synostosis

69
Q

what is aperts

A

premature closure of almost all cranial sutures

70
Q

what does aperts present like

A

maxillary hypoplasia
class 3 occlusion
AOB
parrots beak nose
syndactyly of fingers and toes

Orthodontics (10 decks)

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