Facial Expression Flashcards
1
Q
major function of the face:
A
to convey emotion
2
Q
some facial expressions are
A
emblematic
3
Q
positive attitudes toward
A
other people and objects
4
Q
Facial “sign vehicles” (4)
A
- static: remains constant (face shape)
- slow: reliably change with age (markers of your age like wrinkles or sagging cheeks)
- rapid: change in a matter of seconds (facial expressions)
- artificial: cosmetics or facial treatments used to enhance beauty or combat age
5
Q
*sign vehicles predict mortality
A
- photos taken of 292 people, 82-84 years of age
- Students rated apparent age of person
- ratings spanned 63-85 years
- 108 of the 292 participants died in the following 6 years
- the hazzard of dying was predicted by how old the person was judged to be in the photo
- 8% greater mortality hazard per year of rated age
6
Q
organization of facial muscles (d2l)
A
- eyes/brows
- nose/cheek
- mouth
7
Q
facial emotions, 6 primary facial expressions of emotion
A
- happiness
- sadness
- anger
- surprise
- disgust
- fear
- now, contempt and pride seem to have some universality
8
Q
the facial feedback hypothesis
A
- james (peripheralist) muscle activity >emotion
- cannon (centralist) cognitive appraisal >emotion
- facial feedback hypothesis: peripheralist
- facial muscle activity>emotion
9
Q
Laird (1974) facial feedback
A
-had people hold smile and frown and those who were smiling felt happier, those who were frowning felt bad
10
Q
further evidence of facial feedback
A
- lower eyebrows>mood becomes more negative
- raised eyebrows>more surprised by facts
- wrinkled noses>rated odors as more unpleasant
11
Q
Even more evidence
A
- sun-induced frowning-same facial expression/muscle activation of the expression of anger
- survey people walking into the sun with or without sunglasses
- people without sunglasses scored higher on measure of anger and aggression
12
Q
still not convinced? grin and bear it
A
- simulate smiles by holding chopsticks in mouth
- stress: hand in ice water for one minute
- people induced to assume a Deuchesme smile had lowest heart rate during the stressful task.
13
Q
Animal species-homologous facial displays in nonhuman primates
A
- grimace=fear, not happy
- tense-mouth display-anger, just like humans
- play face-happiness/joy, very similar to humans
14
Q
Animal species-“executive monkey” study
A
- monkey in restraining chair
- lights go off, 6 seconds later-shock
- prevents shock with lever press within 6 seconds
- lever was taken away from “stimulus” monkey and given to “responder” monkey
- responder monkey also hooked up
- responder monkey could only see face of stimulus monkey on tv
- responder monkey prevented shocks at rate of 92% by just watching the facial expression of stimulus monkey
15
Q
Animal species-domestic dogs can decode human facial expressions study
A
- sausage, garlic, or wood shavings in box
- human looked in box with happy, disgust, or neutral facial expressions
- dogs used the experimenter’s happy facial expression to locate the hidden food-went to box associated with food with 55% accuracy
16
Q
Infants-encoding
A
- facial muscles formed at birth
- distinct expression early in infancy
- social smiling 3-4 weeks, full blown in 3 months
- imitation in 1-2 days
- no genuine emotion until 18 months?
- management of emotional expression 6-10 years
17
Q
infant decoding of facial expressions study
A
- adults posed facial expressions to neonates(???)
- neonates visual fixation and facial movement was measured
- neonates showed difference visual fixation patterns in response to different facial expression
- observer could guess which face was being posed by just observing neonates reactions
- mean age of subjects: 36 hours
18
Q
adult facial expression
A
- “phoney smiles”
- slightly assymetrical (stronger on left)
- may occur at socially inappropriate times
- do not involve “crinkle-eye” appearance
- excessively long apex durations, short onset times, and irregular offset times
19
Q
smile onset duration
A
- computer generated images
- smile onset duration 133 vs. 533 ms
- long duration person judged more attractive and trustworthy
20
Q
what will your future be like? look at your yearbook photo
A
- pos. emotion, personality > personal resources
- 1958 college yearbook photo
- coded for positive affect (Duchenne smile)
- follow up measures at age 27, 43, 52 (30 years later)
21
Q
yearbook study results
A
- women with more positive facial affect were rated higher on affiliation, competence, and lower in negativity
- observers expected rewarding interaction
- positive emotion-more likely to be married at 27, less likely to be single into middle adulthood
- higher marital satisfaction at 52
- global well being (emotional and physical health) higher at 21, 27, 43, and 52
22
Q
cross cultural issues-innate
A
- encoding and decoding of primary facial emotions is universal
- research with remote cultures has ruled out social learning of facial emotions )e.g. through media)
- congenitally blind and deaf children show same expressions of emotion
23
Q
but…DISPLAY RULES
A
-in social situations, facial expressions of japanese and american students differ, but not when they were alone- rules about when to show emotion
24
Q
decoding different emotion (easiest to hardest)
A
- happiness
- sadmess
- anger
- fear
- disgust
- surprise
- positive emotions are easier to decode than negative emotions in the face
25
Q
sex differences in decoding facial expression
A
- females perform better than males
- sex difference already evident in childhood
- 53% girls perform above average
- 46% of boys
- no increase in sex differences over time
- neurobehavioral maturation model (early in life- hard to prove, born with it
- social scaffolding model (later in childhood)
26
Q
decoding facial emotion and gender
A
- gender neutral computer images
- varying expressions of anger and happiness
- subjects quicker to label “angry” faces as male and “happy” as females
- signals for facial expression of emotion and masculinity/femininity have merged over time
27
Q
alcoholism and facial decoding
A
- recovering alcoholics and control subjects viewed slides
- multiple choice test
- lower accuracy in alcoholic group
- unaware of their deficit
- more interpersonal problems in alcoholic group
- these were negatively associated with their performance on the facial recognition task
28
Q
autism and facial decoding
A
- autism- expressive and receptive communication deficits
- adults with and without autism shown faces and shapes
- press button for female face or circle
- fMRI while performing task
- autism and control group performed as well at face and shape recognition
- but different brain regions activated
- autism: aberrant and individual-specific regions were activated (compared to amygdala in control)
29
Q
social anxiety and decoding facial expressions
A
- over arousal in social situations
- children shown photos of positive, neutral, negative facial expressions
- press buttons for each
- anxious and nonanxious children had comparable performance
- but anxious children saw emotions in neutral face
- anxious children took longer to respond than non-anxious
30
Q
facial decoding of emotion and borderline personality disorder
A
- slowly morphing computer generated face
- 20 people with BPD, 20 healthy controls
- negative expression: BPD detected on average when 73% expressed, control 82% (Paul Ekman d2l), BPD actually quicker
- pos: BPD detected at 48% expressed vs. 69% in controls
- people with BPD quicker to pick up on subtle expressions
- over reaction to minor incidents with others
- also, people with BPD less accurate than controls in recognizing facial displays of anger and disgust
- they also misattribute emotions to neutral (no emotions) facial expression “you look mad”
31
Q
schizophrenia and facial decoding
A
- patients perceived ambiguous and subtle facial expressions as happy, rather than angry, regardless of social contexts
- faces were shown with a story: being praised (+), blamed (-), or inquiry (neutral)
- even in early stage of illness, people with schizo have abnormal perceptions of facial expression
32
Q
pretty face: easy on the brain
A
- preference for looking at attractive facecs
- 4 yr olds and adults viewed faces
- attractive/unattractive (pre screened by college students)
- scrambled/normal
- press button to classify scrambled/normal
- both groups took longer to classify unattractive faces
- brain activity in 4 year olds and adults higher when gazing at unattractive faces
- beauty: average of groups feature
- people like prototypes easy to categorize
33
Q
mothers’ decoding of infant facial expressions
A
- first time mothers vs never mothers
- attention capture task
- infant faces, in general, and emotional infant faces in particular, engage attention compared to adult faces
- for mothers, infant faces were more salient
- adaptive behavioral change with parenthood
34
Q
oxytocin and facial decoding
A
- oxytocin (OT): neuropeptide secreted from posterior pituitary
- crucial role in mammalian social behavior
- trust, cooperation, relaxation around others
- intranasal OT administration enhances emotional recognition of faces
- especially pronounced effect on happy and fear faces
35
Q
Interactive Aspects of facial expressions
A
- Dimberg (1982): look at happy and sad faces
- Meltzoff: infant imitation (i.e. tongue)
- Hatfield (1990): watch video of man telling happy/sad story
- Provine (1986): yawning
36
Q
helping people with a babyface
A
- computer gen. faces
- attached to resume
- “lost” in US and Kenya
- measure of helping=return
- more baby face resumes returned in both cultures
- babyface elicits helping response
37
Q
measurement of facial expression
A
- human judgments: observer judgment, direct measurement (muscle actions)
- physiological measurement: facial EMG (electromygrophy)
