Emotional Expression Flashcards
Ekman’s neocultural “Theory” 4 facets
- elicitors
- facial affect program*
- display rules
- behavioral consequences
elicitors
environmental factors that produce the emotional state (ex: scorpion)
facial affect program*
brain function that triggers facial muscles
display rules
cultural, personal, situational factors that modify the conditions that elicit emotion or its expression
(ex: different cultures funerals) (ex: miss america, 2 people)
behavioral consequences
nonverbal and verbal signs of emotion, physiological arousal, etc.
functions of display rules (4)
- intensify
- attenuate
- neutralize (e.g. poker face)
- mask (e.g. Miss America, act happy for winner)
universal displays of facial affect study
- studied photos of olympic medal winners
- gold medal winners displayed Duchenne smile
- most silver metal winners displayed sadness, sadness-smile blend, forced smiles, or contempt
- regardless of culture of athlete
- smile and frowns are innate, not learned
facial feedback hypothesis
- external facial displays affect internal emotional state (darwin)
- intense posing and concealment of pain from shock
- physiological response is diminished by attempts to conceal (don’t feel)
- spontaneous vs. posed (+) and (-) facial expressions (1982, on d2l)
effects of Duchenne smile on the experience of emotion
- 4 conditions: control, lips pressing, non-Duchenne smile, Duchenne smile
- “study on physically handicapped”
- manipulate objects with mouth (on d2l)
- watched emotion eliciting videos
- Ss in the Duchenne smile condition reported more positive experience when viewing pleasant scenes and cartoons
more facial feedback…
- Mori and Mori 2009, adhesive bandages on people’s cheeks connected to rubber bands
- people were happier when their cheeks were lifted (smile)
- Dimberg, 2011) people taught to react with smile or frown when exposed to different stimuli.
- participants rated the stimuli higher in pleasantness in the smile condition compared to the frown condition
developmental issues in the encoding of emotion
- infant facial muscles capable of assuming many expressions
- imitation (even in pre term infants)
- judges can correctly identify models facial display based on facial reaction of infant
- smile, sad present at birth, fear, anger, surprise, come later
- infants don’t show matching on sadness
personality differences in the encoding of emotion
- differences in expressivity
- low expressive=internalizer
- high expressive=externalizer (e.g. mob wive)
- internalizers are more physiologically aroused
- externalizers are less physiologically aroused
Channels and specific emotions
- communicate different emotional states to a life sized, human like mannequin dressed in tshirt and sweats
- people use different channels for different emotions
- TOUCH: most with love or sympathy, least with guilt, shame, anger, disgust, or fear
- FACE and BODY: used in most emotions except for love or sympathy
- SHAME and ANGER: used mostly through body POSTURE
relationship between encoding and decoding
- significant association between encoding PURPOSEFUL and INTENTIONAL displays of emotion and emotional decoding skills exam
- no association between encoding SPONTANEOUS naturalistic displays of emotion and decoding skills
- nonverbal decoding skills are associated with what people CAN do emotionally more than what they ACTUALLY do.